非谓语动词(共7页).doc

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上非谓语动词动词不定式动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成。其主动式有一般式、进行时、完成式和完成进行式。其被动式、进行式和完成式。如下表：时态语态 主动 被动一般式 to do  to be done完成式 to have done  to have been done动词不定式主动式的句法功能1、动词不定式作主语当动词不定式作主语时，其谓语动词常用单数。例如：To say something is one thing; to do it is another.说是一回事，做是另一回事。To help animals is helping people.(帮助动物就是帮助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.(对于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难)/ It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间)当动词不定式在句子中作主语时,通常使用it作形式主语而真正主语则是不定式或不定式短语，以使句子保持平衡。例如：It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。It is not difficult to work out the problem.弄清这个节目的情况并不困难。It's very kind of you to help us.他帮助我们，他真好。It's for sb.和 It's of sb.这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。 1）for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：例如： It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 2）of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如： It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。2、动词不定式作表语不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如： My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。 His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。3、动词不定式作宾语1）及物动词ask，agree，beg，care，choose，decide，expect，force，fail，hesitate，claim，hope，learn，long，manage，offer，pretend，plan，prepare，promise，refuse，want，wish等要求动词不定式作宾语。例如：We want to learn some body language.我们想学习一点身势语。She has decided to go to Guangzhou tomorrow.她已经决定明天去广州。No one can afford to buy such an expensive suit.没有人能担负起买如此昂贵的服装。4、动词不定式作宾语补足语有的动词后接带to的动词不定式作补语；有的动词后接不带to的动词不定式。1）能以带to的不定式作宾补的动词有：ask，allow， get，warn，tell，invite，force， oblige， beg， wish，want， like， hate， expect， encourage， advise， persuade，permit， request， order， cause， know， call on等。例如：Would you like me to help you? 你要我帮忙吗？Father will not allow us to play on the street.2）用不带to的不定式作宾补的动词有see，hear，watch，notice，observe，listen to，look at，feel，let，have，make等。但是，这类句子变为被动语态时，不定式符号to仍保留。例如：I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。 =He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。=They were made to work the whole night.5、动词不定式与疑问词、介词的连用（1）decide，find out， forget，know，learn，remember，wonder等动词常接“疑问词+ 动词不定式”这个结构，用作宾语。疑问词一般是what，who（m），where，how，whether，why，which。例如：Would you teach us how to drive a car? 你愿意教我们如何开车吗？Let me tell you what to do now.让我来告诉你现在该做什么。   当宾语是不定式(短语)时，如果其后有宾语补足语，则须用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放在补语之后，即：“主语 +谓语 + it +宾补不定式（短语）”。常见的谓语动词有think, make, feel, find, etc.例如：I don't think it is necessary to buy a bigger computer.我认为没有必要买那个大功能的计算机。He found it important to study the situation in Russian.他发现研究俄国形势非常重要。6、动词不定式作定语不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。例如：I have a lot of work to do.我有许多事要做。There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上（他回家时）两手空空。 7、动词不定式作状语不定式通常在句子里可作目的、条件、原因和结果状语。1） 目的状语常用结构为to do , only to do（仅仅为了）, in order to do,so as to do,so（such） as to（如此以便）。例如：  He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。  I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。2）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。    I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。  He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间，没发现什么。3） 表原因I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。  4）表示理由和条件He must be a fool to say so.他可定是傻子才这样说。You will do well to speak more carefully.如果你仔细说，你会做得更好。不定式的省略形式1） 情态动词 （ 除ought 外） 后。2） 使役动词 let, have, make后，感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。注意：被动语态中不能省去to。例如：    I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。    =He was seen to dance.    The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。    =They were made to work the whole night.3） would rather，had better句型后4） Why / why no句型后5） help 后可带to，也可不带to, help sb （to） do sth：6） but和except后。but前是实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to。比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。      He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药，他什么都信。7） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：8） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时，可以省去to be。例如：    He is supposed （to be） nice.他应该是个好人。     动名词1、   动名词作主语1） 动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别。一般地说，动名词表示抽象的、一般的行为，尤其是强调多次性的动作；不定式表示具体的、某一次的动作，特别是将来的动作。例如：Checking information is very important.核实情况是非常重要的。Learning a foreign language is very useful to me.学习一门外语，来说是非常重要的。2、动名词作宾语1） 有些动词只能用动名词作直接宾语，不 能用不定式作直接宾语。如：admit， advise， avoid， consider，delay，finish， mind， miss， permit， practise， enjoy， resist，risk， appreciate， imagine， 例如：He finished reading the book yesterday.他昨天看完这本书。Have you considered looking for one special friend?你是否考虑过找一位特别亲密的朋友呢？2）动名词作介词宾语的用法。be used to，  prevent.from， depend on，feel like， be fond of， be proud of， put off， give up， devote oneself to ，help yourself to， be busy in，be afraid of， apologize for 等。例如：I don't feel like walking very much today.今天我不想走太多的路。The Great Green will stop the wind from blowing the earth away.绿色长城将阻止风刮走土。注意： 动名词前的介词有时可以省略。如： have difficulty (in) doing ; have no trouble (in) doing; lose no time (in) doing; prevent/stop.(from) doing; there is no use (in) doing等。例如：I have some difficult in pronouncing some of the words in English.我发某些英语单词的音有一些困难。The heavy rain kept them from going out.大雨阻止了他们外出。We  must stop them (from) making the same mistake again.我们必须防止犯同样的错误。3）有些动词即可用动名词作直接宾语，也可以用不定式作直接宾语，两者有着截然不同的意义。（1）like，love，prefer，hate.等表示喜爱、厌恶、偏好的情感动词，后跟不定式表示“仅一时的爱憎情感或指特定或具体某次行为”；后跟动名词表示“抽象性的一种倾向、爱好或习惯性的动作”例如：I don't like to read this novel.我不喜欢看这本小说。I don't like reading  in bed.我不喜欢在床上看书。I prefer to work rather than sit idle.我情愿工作而不愿闲坐着。 注意：这几个词前面有would， should 时，后面都只跟不定式。例如：Would you like to dine out? 你愿意在外面吃顿饭吗？（2）动词remember，forget，stop，go on，try，regret，can't help等既能以动词不定式又能以动名词作宾语，但表达的意思却不同。与动词不定式连用时，表示未完成的动作。例如：remember   后用动名词表示 “记起过去做过的一件事”；后用动词不定式表示“记住要去做某一件事情”。例如：Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?forget 后用动词不定式表示.“忘记要去做某件事情”；后用动名词表示“忘记过去做过的一件事情”。例如：The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。（没有做关灯的动作）He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作）stop 后用动词不定式表示 “停下来做另一件事情”（停下来的目的）；后用动名词表示“停止正在做的事情”。例如：They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。 go on doing sth  表示“继续不停地做某事”或“一件事没有做完，停顿后继续做下去；与原来所做的事相同。”例如：After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习 try  用动词不定式表示“设法去做某件事情”；后用动名词表示“试一试某种办法”。例如：You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。  mean后用动词不定式表示“打算、想要做某事”；后用动名词表示“意味着、意思是”。例如： I meant to tell you yesterday，but you were not in your office.我打算昨天告诉你，但是你不在办公室。 Missing the train means waiting for an hour错过这趟火车就意味着还要等一个小时。can't help 后用动词不定式表示“不能帮助做.”。后用动名词表示“禁不住.；不得不”。例如：He couldn't help finishing it.他不得不把这件事完成。We couldn't help to finish it. 我们不能帮助完成这件事。be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"，be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。例如：She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。learn后跟不定式表示“学会了做某事”或“学着做某事”；跟动名词表示“学过做某事”，但不一定会了。例如：He has learned to type.他学会了打字。（指会使用打字机）He has learned typing. 他学过打字。（他不一定会使用打字机）4）动词need, want, require,以及 be worth之后动名词的主动语态含有被动的意思，相当于不定式的被动语态。例如：His clothes need mending(to be mended).他的衣服需要缝补。Our teacher said that the way of study needed improving.老师说我们的这种学习方法需要改进。These babies will require taking good care of.这些婴儿需要细心照料。His talk is well worth listening to。     提高型 1. I have a lot of things _ this weekend.(1999上海) A. do B. did C. doing D. to do2. Youd better _ upstairs and tell the children_ make so much noise. A. go; not to B. go; dont C. to go; not to D. to go; dont3. Lily likes _ the clothes of light colour.(1999甘肃) A. to put on B. putting C. to dress D. wearing4. Its too late. Why _ now?(1999新疆) A. not to go B. not going C. not go D. dont go5. Please dont forget _ to me, will you?(1998重庆) A. to write B. writing C. write6. When Im tired, I enjoy _ music.(1999云南) A. listening B. listening to C. to hear D. hearing the7. Linda was very sorry for being late. But the teachers smile made her _ better. A. feel B. to feel C. fall D. to fall8. I heard Mother _ with Father in the next room at ten last night. (1998重庆) A. talk B. talking C. to talk D. is talking9. The Great Green Wall will stop the wind from _ the earth away. (1998辽宁) A. blow B. to blow C. blowing D. blew10. Did the teacher tell you _ this afternoon?(1998河北) -Yes. Well go to visit the Science Museum. A. to go where B. how to do C. what to do D. to do what11. We are not sure _.(1998广东) A. when to leave B. when leave C. when leaves12. Meimei went _ Kate with her Chinese.(1997天津) A. help B. to help C. helped D. helping13. _ is bad for our health.(1997河南) A. Doing eye exercises B. Go to bed early C. Eating too much D. Taking a walk14. Wu Dong is good at _ English.(1997吉林) A. speak B. speaks C. speaking D. spoke15. The old woman was _ tired _ go any farther.(四川) A. too; to B. go; as C. very; to16. Would you please _ drop your shoes on the floor at night? A. not to B. not C. dont D. wont17. Most of the children enjoy _ computer games. A. play B. playing C. played D. to play18.She should do her homework now. But she doesnt feel like _ it. A. does B. do C. doing D. to do19.Uncle Wang can make his kite _ higher in the sky. A. fly B. flies C. to fly D. flying20.Youd better _ the cinema by bus. A. dont go B. to go C. to go to D. go to21. Her wish is _ a famous singer. A. become B. became C. becomes D. to become22. Our monitor is always ready _ others. A. help B. helps C. to help D. helping23. Have you decided _ for your holidays? A. go where B. where to go C. to go where D. where go24. Would you please _ me a chair _? A. give; to sit on B. give; to sit C. giving; sit D. to give; sit on25. There id no difference between the two words. I really dont know _. A. what to choose B. which to choose C. to choose which D. to choose what26. Though he had often made his sister _, today he was made _ by his sister. A. cry; crying B. crying; crying C. cry; to cry D . to cry; cry27. Why are you going shopping if you dont _? -My wife wants _ with her. A. want to; I go B. want; me going C. want to; me to go D. want; to go28. We are often told _ people in trouble. A. to smiling B. not to smile C. to laugh D. not to laugh at29. You look so tired. Why not _ a rest? A. stop having B. to stop have C. stop to have D. to stop to have30. What a fine day! How about _ out for a walk? A. go B. to go C. gone D. Going专心-专注-专业