独立主格结构讲解及练习.docx

精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -独立主格结构的用法一、独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构（ Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构， 用于修饰整个句子。 独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成规律上的主谓关系。 这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当敏捷，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。在句中 作状语，相当于一个状语从句。需特殊留意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词代词+现在分词。过去分词。形容词。副词。不定式。名词。介词短语）1. 名词 代词 +现在分词例句： The storm drawing nea，rthe navvy decided to call it a dayThe storm drawing near在句中作：缘由状语 Since the storm was drawing nea，r the navvy decided to call it a day由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工打算收工。（call it a day 今日到此为止）例句： Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. Winter coming在句中作：相伴状语= The winter comes, and it gets colder and colder.冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。造句： 时间答应的话，我就和你一起走。Time permitting, I will go with you.独立主格作：条件状语=改写： If time permits, I will go with you.造句： 那个姑娘望着他，他不知道说什么好。The girl staring at him, he didnt know what to say.独立主格作：时间状语=改写： As the girl stared at him, he didnt know what to say.2. 名词 代词 +过去分词例句： He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课用心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。例句： The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议终止后，每个人都想早点回家。造句： 工作完成后，他回家了。The work done, he went back home.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 6 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -= When the work was done, he went back home.3. 名词 代词 +不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式 ”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词假如存在着规律上的主谓关系，动词不定式就用主动的形式。假如是动宾关系， 就用被动形式。例句： The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。例句： Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our school will look even more beautiful.种上很多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。造句： 仍有很多作业要做，我不能和你走。A lot of home work to do, I can t go with you.4. 名词 代词 +形容词Computers very small, we can use them widely.电脑虽小，我们却能广泛的利用它们。he stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open.5. 名词 代词 +副词The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。灯熄了，我们不能连续工作了。造句： The lights off, we could not go on with the work.6. 名词 代词 +名词His first shot failure ，he fired again 他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.两百人死于事故，其中有很多儿童。7. 名词 代词 +介词短语The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand.那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。三、with， without 引导的独立主格结构with without+ 宾语（名词 /代词） +宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词肯定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情形都适用于此结构。The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。（without + 名词/代词+动词的 -ing 形式）Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without+ 名词/代词+动词的 -ed 形式）可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 6 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很兴奋。（with+ 名词/代词+动词不定式）The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父亲在前，小孩在后走着。（with+ 名词/代词+副词）He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。（with+ 名词/代词+介词短语）With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人扫兴，老人感到很不欢乐。（with+ 名词/代词+形容词）在 with without的复合结构中， 多数情形下 with能省略， 但 without不能省略。造句： 老师走进教室，胳膊下面夹了一本书。The teacher walked into the classroom, with a book under his arm.造句： 老师坐在椅子上，四周一群同学围着他。The teacher is sitting in the chair, with a group of students around him造句： 工作完成了，他回家了。With the work done, he went back home.造句： 由那个男孩带路，我们很简单就找到了那古怪的洞。With the boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.四、独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、缘由、相伴状况等，仍可以作定语。1. 作时间状语My shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room， treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting我脱掉鞋子后， 走进一间屋顶很低的房间， 当心翼翼的踩在松软的塌塌米垫子上。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结pathThe governor pondering the matte，rmore strikers gathered across his可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结总督摸索问题时，更多的罢工工人集合在他要通过的路上。2. 作条件状语Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow 假如天气答应的话，他们将在明天组织一次海边郊游。Such being the cas，e you have no grounds for dismissing him假如情形如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。3. 作缘由状语The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.由那个男孩带路，我们很简单就找到了那古怪的洞。There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.没有别的事可争论，我们都回家了。4. 作相伴状语或补充说明可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 6 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结I took my ticket ，and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses， the people falling back respectfully on either side我拿着车票仍有我的奶酪， 雄赳赳气昂昂的跨步走向月台。人们好像很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.十个同学报名参与了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12 岁的男孩。比较：动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed 形式表示动作已经终止，动词 -ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。The manager looks worried，many things to settle.经理看上去很焦急 ,有这么多的事情要处理。 （事情仍没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.很多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed 形式 settled表示动作已经终止）The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。 （两个动作同时进行）The food cooked, the boy went to bed.饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）五、独立主格结构的特殊用法 1、有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有规律上的主语,实际上已经变成了习惯用法。这些短语有:Generally speaking 总的说来 , Frankly speaking 坦率的说 ,Judging from 从判定, Supposing 假设,等等。 Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.总的说来 ,这条规章很简单懂。Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.由他所说的来判定 ,他肯定是一个诚恳的人。2、有些固定短语是带to 的不定式 ,说明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有 : to be honest老实说 ,to be sure 的确,to tell you the truth 说实话,to cut a long story short 长话短说 ,to be frank 坦率的说 ,to make matters / things worse 更糟糕的是 ,等等。 To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.说实话 ,我犯了一个拼写错误。单项填空1. The lecture , he left his seat so quietlythat no one complainedthat hisleaving disturbed the speaker.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结A. beganB. beginningC. having begunD. being beginning2. Such the case, I have no other choices.A. beingB. isC. wasD. to be3. Darkness in, the young people strolled on the streets.A. setB. settingC. has setD. was set4. With all factors ,we think this program may be better than all the others in achieving the goal.A. being consideredB. consideringC. consideredD. are considered5. A new technique , the production increased by 20 percent.A. to have been worked outB. having worked outC. working outD. having been worked out6. On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still, ears , alert, listening.A. pointedB. pointingC. are pointedD. are pointing7. Walter offered us a liftwhen he was leaving the office, but our work , we didn t accept the offer.A. not being finishedB. not having finishedC. had not been finishedD. was not finished8. There are various kinds of metals, each its own properties 特性 .A. hasB. hadC. to haveD. having9. The old man stood under a big tree, .A. a pipe in mouthB. with a pipe in mouthC. pipe in mouthD. pipe in his mouth10. The productionsteadily, the factoryneeds an ever-increasingsupply ofrawmaterial 原料 .A. has gone upB. is going upC. having gone upD. being gone up 11The lecture ，he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speakerA began B beginningChaving begun D being beginning可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结12Such the case，there are no grounds to justify your complaints A being BisCwas Dto be可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结13With all factors ，we think this program may exce（l in achieving the goal胜出） all the others可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结A being considered Bconsidering C consideredDare considered14A new technique ，the yield（s 产量） as a whole increased by 20 percentA to have been worked out Bhaving worked out Cworking outDhaving been worked outII.用独立结构改正以下句子中的错误1. Being freezing cold, she had to dress herself in warm clothes.2. Having finished his homework, we went home.3. A young mother was taking a walk in the schoolyard, followed her little son.4. His bike wrong, he has to walk to school.5. Tom rushed into my room, with his clothes covering with snow.6. They were angry with their money to be stolen.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载