2016考研英语（一）真题（完整版） .docx

2016考研英语（一）真题（完整版）Section1UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points) InCambodia,thechoiceofaspouseisacomplexonefortheyoungmale.Itmayinvolvenotonlyhisparentsandhisfriends,_1_thoseoftheyoungwoman,butalsoamatchmaker.Ayoungmancan_2_alikelyspouseonhisownandthenaskhisparentsto_3_themarriagenegotiations,ortheyoungmansparentsmaytakethechoiceofaspouse,givingthechildlittletosayintheselection._4_,agirlmayvetothespouseherparentshavechosen._5_aspousehasbeenselected,eachfamilyinvestigatestheothertomakesureitschildismarrying_6_agoodfamily. Thetraditionalweddingisalongandcolorfulaffair.Formerlyitlastedthreedays,_7_1980sitmorecommonlylastedadayandahalf.Buddhistpriestsofferashortsermonand_8_prayersofblessing.Par-tsoftheceremonyinvolveritualhaircutting,_9_cottonthreadssoakedinholywateraroundthebride'sandgroom'swrists,and_10_acandlearoundacircleofhappilymarriedandrespectedcouplestobless the_11_. Newlywedstraditionallymoveinwiththewife'sparentsandmay_12_withthemuptoayear,_13_theycanbuildanewhousenearby. Divorceislegalandeasyto_14_,butnotcommon.Divorcedpersonsare_15_withsomedisapproval.Eachspouseretains_16_propertyheorshe_17_intothemarriage,andjointly-acquiredpropertyis_18_equally.Divorcedpersonsmayremarry,butagenderprejudice_19_up. Thedivorcedmaledoesn'thaveawaitingperiodbeforehecanremarry_20_thewomanmustwaittenmonths.1. A.bywayof B.withregardto C.onbehalfof D.aswellas2. A.decideon B.providefor C.competewith D.adaptto3. A.close B.arrange C.renew D.postpone4. A.Intheory B.Aboveall C.Intime D.Forexample5. A.Unless B.Less C.After D.Although6. A.into B.within C.from D.through7. A.or B.since C.but D.so8. A.test B.copy C.recite D.create9. A.folding B.piling C.wrapping D.tying10.A.passing B.lighting C.hiding D.serving11.A.association B.meeting C.collection D.union12.A.deal B.part C.grow D.live13.A.whereas B.until C.for D.if14.A.avoid B.follow C.challenge D.obtain15.A.isolated B.persuaded C.viewed D.exposed16.A.wherever B.whatever C.whenever D.however17.A.changed B.brought C.shaped D.pushed18.A.invested B.divided C.donated D.withdrawn19.A.warms B.clears C.shows D.breaks20.A.while B.sothat C.once D.inthat SectionReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1 France，whichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion,hasdecideditsfashionindustryhaslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen.Itslawmakersgavepreliminaryapprovallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultra-thinmodelsonrunways.Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsitesthatinciteexcessivethinnessbypromotingextremedieting. Suchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.Thatsastart.Andthebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarvingthemselvestodeathassomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmusttakeresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomen,especiallyteenagegirls,aboutthesocialtape-measuretheymustusetodeterminetheirindividualworth. Thebans,iffullyenforced,wouldsuggesttowomen(andmanymen)thattheyshouldnotletothersbearbitersoftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintly,theyhintthatpeopleshouldlooktointangiblequalitieslikecharacterandintellectratherthandietingtheirwaytosizezeroorwasp-waistphysiques. TheFrenchmeasures,however,relytoomuchonseverepunishmenttochangeaculturethatstillregardsbeautyasskin-deep-andbone-showing.Underthelaw,usingafashionmodelthatdoesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexofbodymasscouldresultina$85,000fineandsixmonthsinprison. Thefashionindustryknowsithasaninherentprobleminfocusingonmaterialadornmentandidealizedbodytypes.InDenmark,theUnitedStates,andafewothercountries,itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformodelsandfashionimagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement.IncontrasttoFrancesactions,Denmarksfashionindustryagreedlastmonthonrulesandsanctionsregardingtheage,health,andothercharacteristicsofmodels.ThenewlyrevisedDanishFashionEthicalCharterclearlystates:Weareawareofandtakeresponsibilityfortheimpactthefashionindustryhasonbodyideals,especiallyonyoungpeople.ThechartersmaintoolofenforcementistodenyaccessfordesignersandmodelingagenciestoCopenhagenFashionWeek(CFW),whichisrunbytheDanishFashionInstitute.Butingeneralitreliesonaname-and-shamemethodofcompliance.Relyingonethicalpersuasionratherthanlawtoaddressthemisuseofbodyidealsmaybethebeststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthematerialstandardsofaparticularindustry. 21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph，whatwouldhappeninFrance?【A】Physicalbeautywouldberedefined.【B】Newrunwayswouldbeconstructed.【C】Websitesaboutdietingwouldthrive.【D】Thefashionindustrywoulddecline.22.Thephraseimpingingon(Line2，Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto【A】heighteningthevalueof【B】indicatingthestateof【C】losingfaithin【D】doingharmto23.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthefashionindustry？【A】TheFrenchmeasureshavealreadyfailed.【B】NewstandardsarebeingsetinDenmark.【C】Modelsarenolongerunderpeerpressure.【D】Itsinherentproblemsaregettingworse.24.AdesignerismostlikelytoberejectedbyCFWfor【A】pursuingperfectphysicalconditions【B】caringtoomuchaboutmodelscharacter.【C】showinglittleconcernforhealthfactors【D】settingahighagethresholdformodels.25.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?【A】AChallengetotheFashionIndustrysBodyIdeals【B】ADilemmafortheStarvingmodelsinFrance【C】JustAnotherRoundofStruggleforBeauty【D】TheGreatThreatstotheFashionIndustryText2 Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.InBritainthishashadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBritonsratethecountrysidealongsidetheroyalfamily,ShakespeareandtheNationalHealthSerivce(NHS)aswhatmakesthemproudestoftheircountry,thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport. AcenturyagoOctaviaHillLaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosavethebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever. Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperiencearefreshingair.Hillspressurelaterledtocreationofnationalparksandgreenbelts.Theydontmakecountrysideanymore，andeveryyearconcreteconsumesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship. Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoendorsethissentiment.Theconservativesplanningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservation，evenauthorisingoff-planbuildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.OnlyUkip,sensingitschance,hassidedwiththosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.ItsCampaigntoProtectRuralEnglandstruckterrorintomanylocalconservativeparties.Thesensibleplacetobuildnewhouses，factoriesandofficesiswherepeopleare，incitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroydrecentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalfamillionhousesintheLondonareaalone，withnointrusionongreenbelt.WhatistrueofLondoniseventrueroftheprovinces. Theideathathousingcrisisequalsconcretedmeadowsispurelobbytalk.Theissueisnottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways，wheretoputthem.Underlobbypressure，GeorgeOsbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainsturbanrenovationandrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-townshoppingsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnotafreemarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwillalwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespectstheircharacter.WedonotruinurbanDevelopmentshouldbeplanned,notletrip.AftertheNetherlands,BritainisEuropesmostcrowedcountry.Halfacenturyoftownandcountryplanninghasenabledittoretainanenviableruralcoherence,whilestillpermittinglow-densityurbanliving.Thereisnodoubtofthealternative-thecorruptedlandscapesofsouthernPortugal,SpainorIreland.Avoidingthisratherthanpromotingitshouldunitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum. 26. Britainspublicsentimentaboutthecountryside【A】 hasbroughtmuchbenefittotheNHS.【B】 didntstarttilltheShakespeareanage.【C】 isfullybackedbytheroyalfamily.【D】 isnotwellreflectedinpolitics. 27.AccordingtoParagraph2，theachievementsoftheNationalTrustarenowbeing【A】 graduallydestroyed.【B】 effectivelyreinforced.【C】 properlyprotected.【D】 largelyovershadowed.28. whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?【A】 Ukipmaygainfromitssupportforruralconservation.【B】 theConservativesmayabandonoff-planbuilding.【C】 theLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalinfluence.【D】 labourisunderattackforopposingdevelopment.29. theauthorholdsthatGeorgeOsbornespreference【A】 revealsastrongprejudiceagainsturbanareas.【B】 showshisdisregardforthecharacterofruralareas.【C】 stressesthenecessityofeasingthehousingcrisis.【D】 highlightshisfirmstandagainstlobbypressure.30. Inthelastparagraph，theauthorshowshisappreciationof【A】 thesizeofpopulationinBritain.【B】 theenviableurbanlifestyleinBritain.【C】 thetown-and-countryplanninginBritain.【D】 thepoliticallifeintodayisBritain. Text3 Thereisonandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusiness,wroteMiltonFriedman,aNobelprize-winningeconomist,Thatis,touseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofits.ButevenifyouacceptFriedmanspremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholdersmoney,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompanies-atleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption. ThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasasignalthatacompanysproductsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuyacompanysproductsasanindirectwaytodonatetothegoodcausesithelps.Andthird,throughamorediffusehaloeffect,wherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecauseconsumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.AlrecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmericasForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA).Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumeacompanysproductsaspartoftheirinvestigations,theycouldbeinfluencedonlybythehaloeffect. Thestudyfoundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewiththemostcomprehensiveCSRprogrammstendedtogetmorelenientpenalties,.TheiranalysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirmsPoliticalinfluence,ratherthantheirCSRstand,thataccountedfortheleniency:Companiesthatcontributedmoretopoliticalcampaignsdidnotreceivelowerfines. Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseemtobeinfluencedbyacompanysrecordinCSR.Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbribingforeignofficials,saysoneresearcher. ResearchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingonthehaloeffect,ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasttheyhavedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetintotroublewiththelaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwinthemlesscostlypunishment.31.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedmansstatementaboutCSRwith【A】tolerance.【B】skepticism.【C】uncertainty.【D】approval.32.AccordingtoParagraph2,CSRhelpsacompanyby【A】winningtrustfromconsumers.【B】guardingitagainstmalpractices.【C】protectingitfrombeingdefamed.【D】raisingthequalityofitsproducts.33.Theexpressionmorelenient(line2,para.4)isclosestinmeaningto【A】moreeffective【B】lesscontroversial【C】lesssevere【D】morelasting34.Whenprosecutorsevaluateacase,acompanysCSRregard 【A】hasanimpactontheirdecision【B】comesacrossasreliableevidence【C】increasesthechanceofbeingpenalized【D】constitutespartoftheinvestigation35.WhichofthefollowingistrueofCSR,accordingtothelastparagraph?【A】Itsnegativeeffectsonbusinessesareoftenoverlooked.【B】Thenecessaryamountofcompaniesspendingonitisunknown.【C】Companiesfinancialcapacityforithasbeenoverestimated.【D】Ithasbroughtmuchbenefittothebankingindustry. Text4 TherewilleventuallycomeadaywhenTheNewYorkTimesceasestopublishstoriesonnewsprint.Exactlywhenthatdaywillbeisamatterofdebate.Sometimeinthefuture,thepaperspublishersaidbackin2010. Nostalgiaforinkonpaperandtherustleofpagesaside,theresplentyofincentivetoditchprint.Theinfrastructurerequiredtomakeaphysicalnewspaperprintingpresses,deliverytrucksisntjustexpensive;itsexcessiveatatimewhenonline-onlycompetitorsdonthavethesamesetoffinancialconstraints.Readersaremigratingawayfromprintaway.Andthoughprintadsalesstilldwarftheironlineandmobilecounterparts,revenuefromprintisstilldeclining.Overheadmaybehighandcirculationlower,butrushingtoeliminateitsprinteditionwouldbeamistake,saysBuzzFeedCEOJoahPeretti. PerettisaystheTimesshouldntwastetimegettingoutoftheprintbusiness,butonlyiftheygoaboutdoingittherightway.Fightingoutawaytoacceleratethattransitionwouldmakesenseofthem,hesaid,butifyoudiscontinueit,youregoingtohaveyourmostloyalcustomersreallyupsetwithyou. Sometimesthatsworthmakingachangeanyway.Perettigivestheexampleseenasablunder,hesaid.Themoveturnedouttobeforesighted.AndifPerettiwouldraiseprices andmakeitintomoreofalegacyproduct. Themostloyalcustomerswouldstillgettheproducttheyfavor,theideagoes,andtheydfeelliketheywerehelpingsustainthequalityofsomethingtheybelievein.Soifyoureoverpayingforprint,youcouldfeellikeyouwerehelping,Perettisaid.Thenincreaseitatahigherrateeachyearandessentiallytrytogenerateadditionalrevenue.Inotherwords,ifyouregoingtomakeaprintproduct,makeitforthepeoplewhoarealreadyobsessedwithit.WhichwaybewhattheTimesisdoingalready.Gettingtheprinteditionsevendaysaweekcosts$500ayearmorethantwiceasmuchasadigital-onlysubscription. ItsareallyhardthingtodoanditsatremendousluxurythatBuzzFeeddoesnthavealegacybusiness,Perettiremarked.Butweregoingtohavequestionslikethatwherewehavethingsweredoingthatdontmakesensewhenthemarketchangesandtheworldchanges.Inthosesituations,itsbettertobemoreaggressivethanlessaggressive. 36.TheNewYorkTimesisconsideringendingitsprinteditionpartlydueto【A】thepressurefromitsinvestors.【B】thecomplaintsfromitsreaders.【C】thehighcostofoperation.【D】theincreasingonlineadsales. 37.Perettisuggeststhat,infaceof