2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题 .docx

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题附：非教育部考试中心官方标准试题，仅供参考SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughterasabodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.But_1_someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes_2_short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,_3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto_4_,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave_5_benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes._6_,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe_7_,studiesdatingbacktothe1930sindicatethatlaughter_8_muscles,decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown.Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9_theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof_10_feedback,thatimproveanindividualsemotionalstate._11_oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted_12_physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry_13_theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalso_14_tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow_15_muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwrzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto_16_apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmileorwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)_17_expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown,_19_thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround_20_,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.1Aamong Bexcept Cdespite Dlike2Areflect Bdemand Cindicate Dproduce3Astabilizing Bboosting Cimpairing Ddetermining4Atransmit Bsustain Cevaluate Dobserve5Ameasurable Bmanageable Caffordable Drenewable6AInturn BInfact CInaddition DInbrief7Aopposite Bimpossible Caverage Dexpected8Ahardens Bweakens Ctightens Drelaxes9Aaggravate Bgenerate Cmoderate Denhance10Aphysical Bmental CsubconsciousDinternal11AExceptfor BAccordingto CDueto DAsfor12Awith Bon Cin Dat13Aunless Buntil Cif Dbecause14Aexhausts Bfollows Cprecedes Dsuppresses15Ainto Bfrom Ctowards Dbeyond16Afetch Bbite Cpick Dhold17Adisappointed Bexcited Cjoyful Dindifferent18Aadapted Bcatered Cturned Dreacted19Asuggesting Brequiring Cmentioning Dsupposing20AEventually BConsequentlyCSimilarly DConverselySectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.Hooray!Atlast!wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbertsappointmentintheTimes,callshimanunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantodaysliveperformances;moreover,theycanbeconsumedatatimeandplaceofthelistenerschoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbertsowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicintoamarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization.Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestrasrepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmericasoldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.21.WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbertsappointmenthasAincurredcriticism.Braisedsuspicion.Creceivedacclaim.Darousedcuriosity.22.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhoisAinfluential.Bmodest.Crespectable.Dtalented.23.TheauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoersAignoretheexpensesofliveperformances.Brejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances.Cexaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances.Doverestimatethevalueofliveperformances.24.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?ATheyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.BTheyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.CTheyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.DTheyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.25.RegardingGilbertsroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorfeelsAdoubtful.Benthusiastic.Cconfident.Dpuzzled.Text2WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleavingtopursuemygoalofrunningacompany.Broadcastinghisambitionwasverymuchmydecision,McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisntalone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodontgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:IcantthinkofasinglesearchIvedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaventalwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.Thetraditionalrulewasitssafertostaywhereyouare,butthatsbeenfundamentallyinverted,saysoneheadhunter.Thepeoplewhovebeenhurttheworstarethosewhovestayedtoolong.26.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedasbeingAarrogant.Bfrank.Cself-centered.Dimpulsive.27.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutivesquittingmaybespurredbyAtheirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus.Btheirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife.Ctheirstrainedrelationswiththeboards.Dtheirpursuitofnewcareergoals.28.Thewordpoached(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeansAapprovedof.Battendedto.Chuntedfor.Dguardedagainst.29.ItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatAtopperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts.Bloyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated.Ctopperformerscaremoreaboutreputations.Ditssafertosticktothetraditionalrules.30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?ACEOs:WheretoGo?BCEOs:AlltheWayUp?CTopManagersJumpwithoutaNetDTheOnlyWayOutforTopPerformersText3Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditionalpaidmediasuchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisementsstillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreateownedmediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusersresponses.Butinsomecases,onemarketersownedmediabecomeanothermarketerspaidmediaforinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.JohnsonJohnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompaniesmarketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompanysresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.31.ConsumersmaycreateearnedmediawhentheyareAobscssedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites.Binspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem.Ceagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts.Denthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts.32.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeatureAasafebusinessenvironment.Brandomcompetition.Cstrongusertraffic.Dflexibilityinorganization.33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmediaAinviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers.Bcanbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.Cmayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition.Ddeserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem.34.ToyotaMotorsexperienceiscitedasanexampleofArespondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.Bpersuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts.Ccooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers.Dtakingadvantageofhijackedmedia.35.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?AAlternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.BConflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.CDominanceofhijackedmedia.DPopularityofownedmedia.Text4ItsnosurprisethatJenniferSeniorsinsightful,provocativemagazinecoverstory,IloveMyChildren,IHateMyLife,isarousingmuchchatternothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfilling,life-enrichingexperience.Ratherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard,Seniorwritesthattheverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.TherearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptiveandnewlysinglemomSandraBullock,aswellastheusualJenniferAnistonispregnantnews.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymom,ormom-to-be,smilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,isitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?Itdoesntseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldnthavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.Ofcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneytellit,raisingakidontheirown(read:withround-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake.ItshardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butitsinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-free,happiness-enhancingparenthoodarentinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgettingtheRachelmightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.36.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbringAtemporarydelightBenjoymentinprogressChappinessinretrospectDlastingreward37.WelearnfromParagraph2thatAcelebritymomsareaperm