2021年考研英语一试题原文(文字完整版) .docx
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2021年考研英语一试题原文(文字完整版) .docx
2021年考研英语一试题原文(文字完整版)Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetcrailpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyearsrise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear's,butitisstilwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayeiWhy,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokeifromSurrey?Equally,thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast.manyofwhomwilfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementsthearemakingtothenetwork.butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccurservicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawideipackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain'srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillsnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecrampedunreliableservices.punctuatedbyregularchaoswhertimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenoflfornow.butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.21.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'sincreaseinrailpassengersfaresA.willeasetrainoperation'sburdenB.haskeptpacewithinflationC.isabigsurprisetocommutersD.remainson22.Thestockbrokerin2isusedtostandforA.cardriversB.railtravellersC.localinvestorsD.ordinarytaxpayers23.Itisindicatedin3thattrainoperatorsA.areofferingcompensationstocommutersB.aretyingtorepairrelationswiththeunionslC.havefailedtoprovideanadequatesourceD.havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes24.(缺)25.(缺)Text2LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowthatIndonesia'sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountrysantipovertyprogram.In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpovertyThey'realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.ButCCTprogramsdon'tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infactpovertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.That'sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon'tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia'spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012-includingduringIndonesia'sphaseinoftheantipovertyprogram-in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.TheduoseparatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors,likeweatherandmacroeconomicchanges,whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,Ferrarosays.That'slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ilrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetasupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody'sguess.Ferrarosuggeststheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat'sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodforvalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.26.Accordingtothefisttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimtoA.facilitatehealthcarereform.B.helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff.C.improvelocaleducationsystems.D.lowerdeforestationrates.27.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthatA.cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoorB.CCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles.C.antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers.D.economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation.28.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,FerrarointendstofindoutA.itsacceptancelevelofCCTs.B.itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation.C.therelationofCCTstoitsforestloss.D.theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange.29.AccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthatA.itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries.B.itwillreduceregionalinequality.C.itcanprotecttheenvironment.D.itcanboostgrainproduction.30.Whatisthetextcenteredon?A.Theeffectsofaprogram.B.Thedebatesoveraprogram.C.Theprocessofastudy.D.Thetransferabilityofastudy.Text3Asahistorianwho'salwayssearchingforthetextorimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast,I'vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).l'vefoundquiteafew,and-sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter-theyhavebeencausingquiteastir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof'SmilingVictorians'makesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyanddustifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday'sdigitalstandards,theexposurewasalmostcinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth,ranonepopularVictoriansaying,alludingto.thefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry,mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regular'pearlywhites'wasararesightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofeythesuper-rich(andeventhedentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackened.edteeth)lackedclass:drunks,trampsandmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarrol'sgum-exposingseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchptocontemplate,andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytodaysdigitastandards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.CheshireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbenothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever.31.AccordingtoParagraph1,theauthorspostsonTwitterA.Changedpeople'esimpressionoftheVictoriansB.highlightedsocialmediasroleinVictorianstudiesC.re-evaluatedtheVictoriansnotionofpublicimage.D.illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography.32.WhatdoesauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?A.Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.B.Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.C.Theymirror19th-centurysocialeduconventions.D.Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.33.WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?A.Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.B.Theirtensionbeforethecamera.C.Theirdistrustofnewinventions.D.Theirunhealthydentalcondition.34.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswasA.adeep-rootbelief.B.amisguidedattitude.Cacontroversialview.D.athought-provokingidea.35.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?A.WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?B.WhydidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographs?C.WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?D.Howdidsmlinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?Text4Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advocatesforconsumersandweb-basedcompaniesworriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoiaffliatedwebsitesovertheirrivals.That'swhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosersonline,preservingthefreedomandinnovationthathavebeenthelifebloodoftheinternet.Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofll-inpartbecauseofpushbackfrombroadbandproviders,anti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.AfederalappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday,butinsteadofprovidingabadlyneededresolution,itonlyprolongedthefight.AtissuebeforetheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)onnetneutrality,adoptedonaparty-linevotein2017.TheRepublicanpennedordernotonlyeliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulestheFCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015,butrejectedthecommission'sauthoritytorequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.Theorderalsodeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernmentscouldn'tregulatebroadbandproviderseither.Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitivebehavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglomeratelikeATTfavoringitsownvideo-streamingserviceattheexpenseofNetflixandAppleTV.YettheFCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimposeddatacapsontheirrivals'streamingservicesbutnottheirown.OnTuesday,theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulatingbroadbandproviders,citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarlyderegulatorymove.ButJudgePatriciaMilettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthattheresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodernbroadbandservice,andsaidCongressortheSupremeCourtcouldintervenetoavoidtrappinginternetregulationintechnologicalanachronism.Inthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheFCC'sattempttoblockallstaterulesonnetneutrality,whilepreservingthecommission'spoweitopreemptindividualstatelawsthatthatundermineitsorder.ThatmeansmorebattlesliketheonenowgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentandCalifornia,whichenactedatoughnetneutralitylawinthewakeoftheFCC'sabdication.Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forthattheFCCcryoutforCongresstoact.Itneedstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovationonline.36.TherehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandprovideswouldA.bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrol.B.slowdownthetrafficontheirnetwork.C.showpartialityintreatingclients.D.intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivals.37.Facedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules,theFCCA.Stickstoanout-of-dateorder.B.Takesananti-regulatorystance.C.Hasissuedaspecialresolution.D.Hasallowedthestatestointervene38.WhatcanbelearnedaboutATTfromParagraph3?A.Itprotectsagainstunfaircompetition.B.Itengagesinanti-competitivepractices.C.ItisundertheFCC'sinvestigation.D.Itisinpursuitofqualityservice.39.JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourt'sdecisionA.focusesontrivialities.B.conveysanambiguousmessageC.isatoddswithitsearlierrulingsD.isoutoftouchwithreality.40.Whatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?A.Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.B.TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision.C.Rulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservices.D.Broadbandproviders'rightsshouldbeprotected.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.FoiQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtcfitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Inthemovicesandontelevivion,artificialintelligenceistypicallydepictedassomethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAIinbusiness,weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtcautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs,butinwhatwaysisAlchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdon'tinvolvedoom-and-gloommassunemploymentpredictions?ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTataConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAImoreoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.Onecommonapplication?Preventingelectronicsecuritybreaches,which,ratherthaneliminatingITjobs,actuallymakesthosepersonnelmorevaluabletoemployers,becausetheyhelpfirmspreventhackingattempts.HereareafewotherwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees.BetterhiringpracticesCompaniesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions.Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes,saysPedroDomingos,authorofTheMasterAlgorithon:HowtheQustfortheUltimatelearningMachineWilReambeOurWorldandacomputerscience41_Onecompanythat'sdoingthisiscalledBlendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocess.MoreeffectivemarketingSomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincreaseopenrates.OnecompanyintheUK,Phrasee,cla