高二英语必修五unit1语法总结.doc

高二英语必修五unit1语法总结高二英语必修五unit1语法总结Unit1语法重点非谓语动词：todo/doing一、动词不定式不定式可以用来做主语、表语、定语、状语、宾语、独立成分，表示比较具体的意义。（1）做主语动词不定式短语Tomasteraforeignlanguageisnoeasyjob.Toseethisfilmistowastetime.Tosolvethisproblemisoutofthequestion为平衡整个句子，避免头重脚轻，常用it做形式主语，而将真正主语不定式放后面，用于这种形式是一些特定的结构。例如：1）谓语部分是系表结构，表语是某些形容词或名词。例如：Itisfoolishtodointhisway.Itsoundsreasonabletodoitthisway.2）某些动词做谓语时。例如：Ittookmuchtimetodothis.Itmakesusexcitedtothinkaboutthat.(2)做表语表示打算、计划、命令和要求，用于appear,seem,happen等系动词后面Suchquestionsaretobeavoided.Whathesaidprovedtobetrue.Heseemstobeill.(3)做定语做定语时不定式一般紧跟其所修饰名词或代词后面。例如：Hewasthefirstonetocomethismorning.Hedidnthavethechancetogotoschoolinthepast.如果不定式是不及物动词时，应注意其相应介词的搭配。例如：Hehasnothingtoworryabout.Sheisaverynicepersontoworkwith.(4)作状语不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因和结果。表目的常用inorderto,soasto,等结构但soasto只能放在主句之后。Checkyourhomeworksoastoavoidmistakes.Shegoeshome(inorder)toseehergrandmothereveryweek.表结果常用onlytodo,enoughtodo,tootodo等句型，不定式短语作结果状语具有“意料之外”之意。Heistooexcitedtospeakanything.Ihurriedtohishouse,onlytofindhimout.原因Sheseemedsurprisedtoseeus.Heissorryforwhathedidtothinkofhispast.-不定式作方式状语时，通常采用asif或asthough+to的结构，其意为“好像要”。Heraisedhishandasiftohitme.Shetookoutapenandapieceofpaperasthoughtowritesomething.(5)做宾语某些及物动词要用动词不定式作宾语,以下及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语：agree,ask,attempt,choose,continue,decide,desire,determine,expect,forget,hope,intend,learn,manage,mean,offer,prefer,promise,refuse,try，want,wish等。例如：动词不定式作宾语时，如其后有补足语，则可以用先行语it作形式宾语，而将真正宾语动词不定式后移，用于该形式的常见动词有：believe,consider,feel,guess,imagine,know,make,prove,realize,see,show,suppose,think,understand,find等。例如：Ifeltituselessforustosayanythingfurther.Imadeitaruletogetupearly,takeacoldbath,andthendosomerunning.(6)做宾语补足语带to的不定式做宾补有相当数量的及物动词或短语可以接带to的不定式做宾补。例如：Ishalltrytopersuadehertoseethedoctor.Thevillagersdidntallowthemtodothis.Iwillaskthemtoleavethecompany.Ishallpersuadehimtotakethemedicine.不带to的不定式做宾补也有一些及物动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补，常见的有使役动词类：make,let,have；感官动词类：see,watch,lookat,notice,observe,hear,listento,smell,feel等。但在被动结构中要带to(let除外)。例如：Someonesawhimentermyroom.Hewasseentoentermyroom.Theboymadethebabylaugh.Thebabywasmadetolaugh(7)“疑问词+不定式”相当于这些疑问代词和副词引导的名词性从句。常见引导该形式的动词有：decide,findout,forget,inquire,know,learn,remember,see,settle,think,在句子中可以做主语、宾语或表语。例如：Whattodonexthasnotbeendecided.=Whatwilldonexthasnotbeendecided.Whatworriesmemostishowtodoit.=Whatworriesmemostishowwewilldoit.Idontknowwhentoleave.=Idontknowwhenwewillleave.(10)动词不定式的复合结构不定式的复合结构做主语时，常见用两种特定句型:“Itis+adj.for/ofsb.todosth.”和“Itis+n.ofsb.todosth”。例：Itiseasyforustounderstandthesentence.Itiscleverofyoutodothat.二、动名词动名词是一种非谓语形式，起名词的作用，但带有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动名词短语。1.动名词的用法(1)做主语动名词做主语表示比较抽象、习惯性和经常性的意义.例如：Sayingiseasierthandoing.Collectingstampsisagoodhobby.为平衡整个句子，避免头重脚轻，常用it做形式主语，而将真正主语不定式放后面，用于这种形式是一些特定的结构。例如：1)谓语部分是系表结构，表语是某些形容词。例如：Itsinterestingplanningaholiday.Itsrathertiringwalkingaroundinacity.2)当use，good，waste，bore，fun，shame，encouragement，等名词作表语时，通常用it作形式主语，把作为真正主语的动名词后置。例如：Itsnousetalkingtohimagain.=Thereisnousetalkingtohimagain.Itsnogoodrefusingtodoit.=Thereisnogoodrefusingtodoit.(2)作宾语某些动词或短语动词后面可以接动名词,见下表：特定动词+doingavoid,admit,advise,allow,permit,bear,stand,delayconsider,complete,finish,risk,mind,miss,imagine,enjoy,practise,suggest等短语动词+doingbeworth,canthelp,cantstand,feellike,insiston,succeedin,giveup,spend/wastetime/money(in),have/finddifficulty/trouble/time(in)等放在介词on;upon，after等后面时，例如：OnarrivingBeijing,hewenttoseehisfriend.Afterstandinginthequeueforhours,wegotgoodseats.有些后面可跟动名词也可以跟不定式，意义区别不大。常见的动词有：start,like,hate,love,continue,prefer,attempt,intend,propose等。Hebeganlearning(tolearn)Englishattheageoffive.有些动词后面可跟动名词也可以跟不定式，意义区别大。见下表：trytodosth.（努力去做）trydoingsth.（试着、尝试做）remembertodosth（记得要做）rememberdoingsth.（记得做过）forgettodosth.（忘记要做某事）forgetdoingsth.(忘记做过某事）meantodosth.（打算做某事）meandoingsth.（意味着）canthelptodosth.（不能帮助做某事）canthelpdoingsth.（禁不住做某事）stoptodosth.（停下来去做另一件事）stopdoingsth.（停止做某事）goontodosth.（接下来做另一件事）goondoingsth.（继续做同一件事）regrettodosth（遗憾要做某事）regretdoingsth（后悔做过某事）(3)作表语相当于名词，说明主语动作的情况和状态。例如：MyjobisteachingEnglish.Herjobistakingcareofthechildren.Ourdutyisservingthepeople.=Ourdutyistoservethepeople.(4)作定语说明所修饰词的性质，具有名词的性质，它同所修饰的名词间不存在主谓关系。alivingroom=aroomforlivingaswimmingpool=apoolforswimmingawalingstick=astickforwalking(5)动名词的复合结构动名词之前的名词，如果是有生命的，通常用所属格表示，如果是无生命的，则用通格表示，现在有一种趋势用名词和代词代替所有格。Hiscomingwonthelpmuch.Theyinsistedonourstayingthere.DoyourememberMarycomingtoseeyou?Idontmindyour(you)smoking.Wearehappyabouthiscomingtoseeus.Heinsistedonbeingsenttothehardarea.(6)动名词的主动形式表示被动意义beworth后接动名词时。Thisbookiswellworthreading.=Thebookisworthtoberead.need，want，require，bear，stand等动词后面可用动名词的主动式表被动意义，但用不定式时则只能用被动形式。Theoldmanneedslookingafter/tobelookedafter.Exercise从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1.Shesaidshe_heruncleverymuchandhoped_him.A.missed,tohearfromB.missed,tohearC.misses,hearingfromD.misses,hearing2._aliving,shehadtoworkfrommorningtillnight.A.TomakeB.madeC.MakingD.Tohavemade3.MrsBrownregretted_hisson.A.beatedB.beatingC.beatD.beaten4.Ioftenhearhim_aboutthegreatwriter.A.totalkB.talkC.speakingD.totell5.Missingthelastbusmeans_home.A.towalkB.walkingC.walkedD.walk6.Pauldoesn"thavetobemade_.Healwaysworkshard.A.studyB.tostudyC.studiedD.studying7.Itwasunbelievablethatthefanswaitedoutsidethegymforthreehoursjust_alookatthesportsstarts.A.hadB.havingC.tohaveD.have8.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim_.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donot9.Ididn"thearyoucomeinlastnight.That"sgood.Wetired_noisy.A.nottoB.tobenotC.tobeD.nottobe10.IhearthatyouandFranciswillspendyourvacationinNepalnextspring.Yes,weareplanning_.A.toB.tobeC.itD.todoit11.IcanhardlyimaginePeter_acrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.A.sailB.tosailC.sailingD.tohavesailed12.Thelightintheofficeisstillon.Oh,Iforgot_A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff13.Iwouldappreciate_backthisafternoon.A.youtocallB.youcallC.yourcallingD.yourecalling14.Howaboutthetwoofus_awalkdownthegarden?A.TotakeB.takeC.takingD.tobetaking15.Imustapologizefor_aheadoftime.Thatallright.A.lettingyounotknowB.notlettingyouknowC.lettingyouknownotD.lettingnotyouknow16.Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.Well,nowIregret_that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone17.Hehasalwaysinsistedonhis_DrTurnerinsteadofMrTurner.A.beencalledB.calledC.havingcalledD.beingcalled18.Doyoumind_aloneathome?A.JaneleavingB.JanehavingleftC.JanesbeingleftD.Janetobeleft19.Shelooksforwardeveryspringto_theflower-linedgarden.A.visitB.payingavisitC.walkinD.walkingin20.Onceyourbusinessbecomesinternational,_constantlywillbepartofyourlife.A.youflyB.yourflightC.flightD.flying21.Whileshopping,peoplesometimescanthelp_intobuyingsomethingtheydontreallyneed.A.topersuadeB.persuadingC.beingpersuadedD.bepersuaded22.WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?_hernewbicycle.A.AsshelostB.LostC.LosingD.Becauseoflosing23.Letmetellyousomethingaboutthejournalists.Dontyouremember_thestoryyesterday?A.toldB.tellingC.totellD.tohavetold24.Onelearnsalanguagebymakingmistakesand_them.A.correctB.CorrectingC.correctsD.tocorrect25.Fishingishisfavoritehobby,and_.A.hedliketocollectcoinaswellB.hefeelslikecollectingcoins,tooC.tocollectcoinsisalsohishobbyD.collectingcoinsalsogiveshimgreatpleasure扩展阅读：译林牛津版高二英语必修五unit1 知识点及语法总结译林牛津版高二英语必修五unit1知识点及语法总结Welcometotheunit&ReadingI.重点单词1.betray.vt.1)出卖；背叛Hewouldratherdiethanbetrayhiscountrytotheenemy.2)显露；泄露Theexpressiononherfacebetraysheranger.2.pretend.vt/vi1)vt.假装，佯装,后接不定式和从句做宾语。Shepretendedtobereading.她假装在看书。2）vi.假装Shewasntreallycrying,shewasonlypretending.3.admit.vt1)承认；供认admitdoingsth.承认做某事admittosb.向某人承认Headmittedhiscrime.2)许可进入，准许进入admitsb.to/into-接纳某人进入.;吸收某人参加.HeisadmittedtoNanjingUniversitythisyear.3)容纳,容许Thecinemaadmitsabout2022people.4)admitof容许有;有.可能;容有.的余地Hisillnessadmitsofnodelay.4.swear.vt/vi发誓；郑重承诺；咒骂sweartosb./swearthat从句向某人承诺发誓swearswore-sworn5.focus.n/vt/vi1)n.焦点，注意力putfocuson集中注意力于.2)vi/vtfocuson集中注意力于.近义词组：concentrateonpayfullattentiontodevoteto6.guilty.adj有罪的1)beguiltyof“犯了罪”Intheprocessofgainingourrightfulplace,wemustnotbeguiltyofwrongfuldeeds.2)befoundguilty被判决有罪Maggiecouldbesentencedtouptothreeyearsinprisionif(hewas)foundguilty.7.remark.Vt/n评论makeremarksonsth=makecommentsonsth对作出评论8.apologize.vi道歉apologizetosb=makeanapologytosb向某人道歉9.sensitive.adj敏感的;体贴的besensitiveto对体贴，敏感10.blame.n/vt责备1)n.putblameonsb责备某人2)vt.blamesbforsth因某事责备某人blamesthonsb把某事归咎于某人Heblamedhisfaiureonhisteacher.sbbetoblame=sbshouldbeblamed主动形式表被动Youaretoblame.你应该受责备。11.gifted.adj=talented有天赋的1)begiftedfor/as有天赋2)haveagiftfor有天赋II.重点词组1.begsbtodosth恳求某人做某事2.stareat凝视glareat怒视gazeat瞪眼看3.keeponesword守诺言breakonesword食言haveawordwith与交谈haveawordswith与吵架4.feellikedoing想要做某事soundlike听起来像5.gostraightto径直去6.spyon监视watchover看管7.keeppacewith与协调一致keepupwith跟上8.asaresultof由于becauseof=dueto=owingto由于asaresult结果resultin导致resultfrom源于，由于9.turninto转变成turnup出现，出席turnout结果是turnsbdown拒绝turnaround转身；逆转turnto转向10.aswellas和aswell也mayaswell不如不妨11.shoutat朝大喊(生气，愤怒)shoutto朝大喊（指远处）12.makesomecruelremarks咒骂某人，说坏话13.eventhough即使14.cannothelpdoingsth禁不住做某事canthelpbutdosth只好做某事canthelptodosth不能帮助做某事15.accusesbofsth指控某人某事inform.of告知approveof同意warnof警告III.重点句式1.Imusthavesoundedveryproudofmyselfafterthequiz,sayinghoweasyitwasandhowIwassuretogetagoodmark.（page2）（1）“must+完成时”表示对过去事情语气比较肯定的推测。对现在推测，用mustbe.Theymusthavebeenlaughingbehindmyback.(page2）他们在我背后一定是笑得合不拢嘴。“must+完成时”结构的反义疑问句，疑问部分应根据must后的动词形式采用相应的形式，可用have(has)，也可用did。但若句中出现了过去时间状语，则只能用did。Hemusthavereadit,hasnt/didnthe?他一定读过它，是吗?Hemusthaveleftyesterday,didnthe?他昨天一定走了，是吗?表示推测的否定结构要用“cannot/cant”,或者是can+其他具有否定意义的副词。例如：Youcantbetiredyouveonlybeenworkingforanhour.你不可能疲倦，你只工作了一小时。（2）.,sayinghoweasyitwasandhowIwassuretogetagoodmark是非谓语动词doing做原因状语；howeasyitwasandhowIwassuretogetagoodmark是how引导的名词性从句做say的宾语。2.IthoughtthatHannahmusthavetoldeveryoneaboutmygradesafterpromisingmenotto.（page2）1)musthavetold表示对过去推测；2）afterpromisingmenotto=aftershepromisednottotellanyone.a.after引导的状语从句，当从句的主语she与主句的主语Hannah一致时，从句的she可以省略，同时从句的谓语动词promised要变成非谓语形式promising;b.promisingmenotto属于todo不定式省略动词do的情况，在某些动词后，如：promise,like,hope,want等，为避免与上一句todo中的动词重复，可省略to后的动词。3.IcannothelpwonderingifhewantsPetertobehisbestfriendinsteadofme.（page3）1）ifhewantsPetertobehisbestfriendinsteadofme为wonder的宾语从句2）wondervt.(对).感到奇怪;想知道，不知道Iwonderif/whetheryou可用来客气地提出请求；wonder后可接其他连接词引导的宾语从句。例如：Iwonderifyoudgivemesomeadvice.Iwonderwhoheis,wherehecamefromandwhyhecame.wonder后可接“疑问词动词不定式”作宾语：例如：Theywaitedandwonderedwhattodo.thereisnowonderthat从句：难怪.Thereisnowonderthatyouwerelateforschool,foryourbikebrokedown.4.Heaccusemeofsomebadthingsjusttohurtme.(page3）1)accusesbofsth=chargesbwithsth指控某人.2）justtohurtme属于非谓语todo形式，在句中做目的状语，类似的词组还有：onlyto(表示出乎意料的结果)，inorderto/soasto(表示目的)5.Ifso,theproblemlieswithyou,nother.（page5）(1)Ifso是个条件从句，so代替上文内容。not也有同样用法，构成省略句式：ifnot。又如：Shemaynotbefreetoday.她今天可能没空。Ifso,wellhavetoputthemeetingoff.如果是这样，这会就得延后了。Getupearlytomorrow,ifnot(youdontgetupearly),youwillmissthefirstbus.明天你得早起，否则（你不早起），你会错过首班车。(2)liewith“是的责任；取决于”。例如：Thesolutiontotheproblemlieswithyou.解决该问题的办法落在你的肩上。7.Ihavenodoubthewillsucceed.（page7）doubt作名词常用句型havenodoubt意为“毫无疑义；毫无疑问”，其中doubt是名词。例如：Iforonehavenodoubtthatheslying.Thereisnodoubtthat“毫无疑问”,that从句是同位语从句。例如：ThereisnodoubtthatMaryisqualifiedforthejob.no/without/beyonddoubt“无疑地；必定”Thetruthofthereportisbeyondalldoubt.Hewaswithoutdoubttheveryworstkindofreporter.Thosewholeftwereattracted,nodoubt,byhigherpay.Task&ProjectI.重点单词1.acquaintance.n泛泛之交makeacquaintancewithsb结识某人2.anchor.n.锚；vt.扎根于beanchoredin=bebasedon根植于3.attitude.n.看法，态度havepositiveattitudetowardssth/sb4.cautious.adj小心谨慎的becautiousabout=becarefulaboutcaution.N小心5.eager.adj急切的beeagertodo=bedyingfor=longfor=lookforwardtoeagerness.N6.respond.vi回应，回复respondto回复replyto回应reactto回应response.n回复inresponsetosth对做出回复7.mercy.n仁慈atthemercyof在的支配下mitted.adj尽心尽力的becommittedtodoingsth=bedevotedtodoing=beabsorbedindoing=concentrateondoing=bebentondoing=beoccupiedindoing投入做某事commit.Vt致力于committodoingsth致力于做某事committosth致力于某事commitsuicide自杀commitcrime犯罪9.regardless.Adv不管，不顾regardlessof=indespiteof=despite+名词或名词性从句，意为“尽管”regard.Vt看做regardas=thinkofas=lookonas=considerasII.重点词组1.getthrough接通电话；渡过geton/alongwith与相处getover克服getacross使明白2.beanchoredin根植于3.bebasedon以为基础sbbaseon某人把基于之上onthebasisof在的基础上4.regardlessof不管不顾5.endup结果endup+形容词/done/doing/介词短语，表结果是endin结果是intheend最后6.relyon依赖dependon依赖依靠7.thanksto幸亏butfor=thanksto+名词表示与事实相反时，主句用虚拟语态，例如：Thankstoyourhelp,wewouldnothavefinishedthetask.8.getalongwith与相处getalongwithsb与某人相处getalongwithsth某事进展9.havedifferentattitudestowards对有不同的看法10.becautiousabout对小心谨慎11.beeagerto急切盼望.12.onthewaytosp在去的路上onthewaytodoing即将.inthisway如此一来intheway挡道，碍事13.haveaquarrelwith与某人争吵quarrelwithsb与某人争吵14.makeanapology道歉apologizetosb道歉15.inconclusion总结inaword总之inshort简言之inall总共inbrief简言之16.lookbackon回顾lookthrough看穿；浏览lookdownupon小看，瞧不起lookupto敬仰lookinto调查III.重点句式1.Theyarestillsittingonthesofa,continuingthesameconversationonthesametopic.continuingthesameconversationonthesametopic,在句中作伴随状语，主句主语they与continue是主谓关系，故用doing非谓语形式。2.Whenasked,theyusuallyhesitatebeforeresponding.此句完整形式为Whentheywereasked,theyusuallyhesitatebeforetheyrespond.属于状语从句的省略，当状从的主语与主句的主语一致时，从句的主语可省略，从句的谓语动词变为非谓语动词形式。3.Wehavetorealize:boysshareactivities,whilegirlssharefeelings.1）while意为“然而”，并列连词表对比转折。2）while还可意为“尽管”，引导让步状语从句=though,例如：whiletheweatheristerrible,theystillarrivedhereontime4.Thequalitiesthatboysandgirlsconsiderimportantinafriendseemtobethesame,regardlessofthebasisofthesefriendship.1）thatboysandgirlsconsiderimportantinafriend是定语从句，先行词是qualities;2）seemtodo表示“似乎，好像”，属于todo非谓语形式，其形式还有：seemtobedoing(表进行时态)/seemtohavedone(表示过去已完成)3）regardlessof表示尽管，做让步状语。5.Iendupreturningtothetrainstationandspendingtherestofthedayinthewaitingroom.endup+形容词/done/doing/介词短语，表结果是,例如：1）Heendsupsuccessfulafteryearsofefforts.2）Heendsupinprisonbecausehewaschargedwithrobbery.3）Heendsupfinishingthetaskaheadoftime.4）Hiseffortsenduppaidoff.6.Friendshipmeansbeingcommittedtoothers.1)mean.vt.意谓,想要,预定vi.用意,有意义meantodosth.打算做某事meandoingsth.意味着做某事Imeanttogiveyouthisbooktoday,butIforgot.Hemeansthishouseforhisdaughter.习惯用语：bemeanttodo照道理，照规矩；应该，必须；得要；Hewasmeantfor/tobeadoctor.meansb.for准备让某人干某工作meanmuchtosb.对某人很重要;对某人很可贵meanagreatdealmean.adj.低劣的,卑鄙的,普通的,吝啬的,简陋的,不舒服的Peter"sfatherwasverymean;henevergavePeteranynewclothes.2)becommittedtosb表示对某人很投入，真诚7.Thebestwaytohaveafriendistobeafriend.tohaveafriend系todo非谓语形式做后置定语；tobeafriend是todo非谓语形式做表语。Grammar:todo/doing语法知识:非谓语动词一、动词不定式TheInfinitiveFormofVerbs动词不定式是非谓语动词形式之一，它不能充当谓语，但具有谓语动词的主要特征，即时态和语态的变化；可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成不定式短语。1.不定式的形式肯定式否定式进行体完成体被动式完成被动式todosth.nottodosth.tobedoingsth.tohavedonesth.tobedonetohavebeendoneHedliketoplaybasketballthisafternoon.Noonelikestobelookeddownupon.Hepretendedtobereadingwhentheteachercamein.Heseemedtohaveknowntheresult.Hecertainlydeservestobesenttoprison.Heseemstohavebeenelectedamodelworker.2不定式的用法不定式可以用来做主语、表语、定语、状语、宾语、独立成分，表示比较具体的意义。（1）做主语动词不定式短语Tomasteraforeignlanguageisnoeasyjob.Toseethisfilmistowastetime.Tosolvethisproble