英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.doc

英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结英语语言学一、名词解释第一课1.Synchronic共时性:Saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoretical“point”intime.Akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.2.Langue语言:Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.3.Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolusedforhumancommunication.4.Arbitrariness任意性:Onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.第二课1.Phoneme音位:Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.2.Allophone音位变体:Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.3.Minimalpair最小对立体:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.第三课1.Morphology形态学:Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.2.Derivationalmorphemes派生词素:Somemorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofwordsarecalled3.Inflectionalmorphemes曲折词素:Someboundmorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkersandsignifysuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon.第四课1.Syntax语法句法:Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.2.Syntacticcategories句法范畴:Wordscanbegroupedtogetherintoarelativelysmallnumberofclasses,calledsyntacticcategories.3.Deepstructure深层结构:FormedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththeheadssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructureorD-structure.4.Surfacestructure表层结构:Correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations,iscalledSurfacestructureorS-structure.第五课1.Reference指称:Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.2.Homonymy同音异义:Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.3.Hyponymy上下义关系:Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.第六课1.Pragmatics语用学:Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.2.Utterance话语:asentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication.3.Utterancemeaning话语意义:Utteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.4.Illocutionaryact言外行为:Anillocutionaryactistheactexpressingthespeakersintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.二、简答题第一课1Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?Phonetics:Thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.Itdescribesindividualspeechsoundsandindicatestheirphysicalorphoneticproperties.Phonology:Itstudiesthewaysinwhichthesesoundsformpatternsandsystemsandhowtheyworktoconveymeaninginthesystemoflanguage.Morphology:AfieldoflinguisticsfocusedonthestudyoftheformsandformationofwordsinalanguageSyntax:Asetofrulesthatgovernhowwordsarecombinedtoformphrasesandsentences.Pragmatics:thestudyoftheuseoflanguageinasocialcontext.2Whatcharacteristicsoflanguagedoyouthinkshouldbeincludedinagood,comprehensivedefinitionoflanguage?Theimportantcharacteristicswhichshouldbeincludedinagooddefinitionoflanguageareseparately:systematic,arbitraryandvocal.Firstofall,languageisasystem.Ithasitsownsetofrulesforpeopletoabideby,orpeoplewillusethelanguageinawrongway.Second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.3WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?1)Arbitrariness:nonatural/motivated/logicalrelationshipbetweenthesignandwhatthesignstandsfor.2)Productivity:providesopportunitiesforsendingmessagesthathaveneverbeensentbeforeandforunderstandingnovelmessages.3)Duality:languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstuctures,ortwolevels.4)Displacement:canbeusedtorefertothingsrealorimagined,past,presentorfuture5)Culturaltransmission第二课1.Howdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudy?Whodoyouthinkwillbemoreinterestedinthedifferentbetweensayiandi,pandph,aphoneticianoraphilologist?Why?语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么?Phoneticsdescriptionofallspeechsoundsandtheirfinddifferences.Phonologydescriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.Aphoneticianwouldbemoreinterestedinsuchdifferencescossuchdifferenceswillnotcosdifferencesinmeaning.2.Whatisphone?Howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?Phoneisaphoneticunit,ithasnomeaning.Phonemeisaphonologicalunitwithdistinctivevalue.Thephoneme/l/canberealizedasdark/l-/andclear/l/,whichareallophonesofthephoneme/l/Allophones-actualrealizationofaphonemeindifferentphoneticcontexts.第三课1.Thinkofthreemorphemesuffixes,givetheirmeaningandspecifythetypesofstemtheymaybesuffixedto.Giveatleasttwoexamplesofeach.Suffix:-ingMeaning:denotingaverbalaction,aninstanceofthis,oritsresultStemtype:addedtoverbsExamples:fighting:denotetheactionofbattlebuilding:denotetheactionofconstructionSuffix:-ableMeaning:abletobeStemtype:addedtoverbsExamples:avoidable:abletobepreventedfromcalculable:abletobemeasuredorassessedSuffix:-istMeaning:denotingamemberofaprofessionorbusinessactivityStemtype:addedtonounsExamples:dramatist:apersonwhowritesplaysdentist:apersonwhotreatstheteethdisease2.Thinkofthreemorphemeprefixes,givetheirmeaning,andspecifythetypesofstemtheymaybeprefixedto.Giveatleasttwoexamplesofeach.1)prefix:un-meaning:denotingtheabsenceofaqualityorstate;notstemtype:addedtonounsexamples:unacademic:notadoptingorcharacteristicofascholarlyapproachorlanguageunhappy:nothappy2)prefix:anti-meaning:opposedto;againststemtype:addedtonounsexamples:anti-abortion:opposingorlegislatingagainstmedicallyinducedabortionanti-art:againstthetraditionalart3)prefix:re-meaning:oncemore;afresh;anewstemtype:addedtoverbsexamples:restart:startoncemorereaccustom:accustom(someone)tosomethingagain第五课1.WhatarethemajortypesofsynonymsinEnglish?并举例1)dialectalsynonyms-synonymsusedindifferentregional2)Stylisticsynonyms:synonymsdifferinginstyle3)Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning4)Collocationalsynonyms:whatwordstheygotogetherwith5)Semanticallydifferentsynonyms:differfromthewordsthemselves2.Explainwithexamples“homonymy”,“polysemy”,and“hyponymy”.Homonymy:Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarehomophones.Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs.Whentowwordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecompletehomonyms.Theexamplesareasfollowed:Homophones:rain/reignnight/knightpiece/peaceHomographs:bowv./bown.tearv./tearn.Completehomonyms:fastadj./fastv.Polysemy:whiledifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning,thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Thisiswhatwecallpolysemy,andsuchawordiscalledapolysemicword.Themorecommonlyusedawordis,themorelikelyithasacquiredmorethanonemeaning.Forexample,thewordtablehasatleastsixmeaningswhenwelookitupinthedictionary:1.apieceoffurniture2.allthepeopleseatedatatable3.thefoodthatisputonatable4.athinflatpieceofstone,mental,wood,etc5.orderlyarrangementoffacts,figures,etc6.partofamachine-toolonwhichtheworkisputtobeoperatedonHyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthesuperordinate,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.Hyponymsofthesamesuperordinateareco-hyponymstoeachother.Forexample,Superordiante:flowerHyponyms:rose,tulip,carnation,lily,morninggolory第六课1.Whatdoespragmaticsstudy?Howdoesitdifferfromtraditionalsemantics?答：Generallyspeaking,pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaninginthecontext.Itstudiesmeaninginadynamicwayandasaprocess.Inordertohaveasuccessfulcommunication,thespeakerandhearermusttakethecontextintotheirconsiderationsoastoeffecttherightmeaningandintention.Thedevelopmentandestablishmentpragmaticsin1960sand1970sresultedmainlyfromtheexpansionofthestudysemantics.However,itisdifferentfromthetraditionalsemantics.Themajordifferencebetweenthemliesinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaninginadynamicway,whilesemanticsstudiesmeaninginastaticway.Pragmaticstakescontextintoconsiderationwhilesemanticsdoesnot.Pragmaticstakescareoftheaspectofmeaningthatisnotaccountedforbysemantics.2.WhatarethefivetypesofillocutionaryspeechactsSearlehasspecified?Whatistheillocutionarypointofeachtype?答：(1)representatives:statingordescribing,sayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue(2)directives:tryingtogetthehearertodosomething(3)commissives:committingthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction(4)expressives:expressingfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexisting(5)declarations:bringingaboutimmediatechangesbysayingsomethingTheillocutionarypointoftherepresentativesistocommitthespeakertosomething"sbeingthecase,tothetruthofwhathasbeensaid,inotherwords,whenperforminganillocutionaryactofrepresentative,thespeakerismakingastatementorgivingadescriptionwhichhehimselfbelievestobetrue.Stating,believing,sweating,hypothesizingareamongthemosttypicaloftherepresentatives.Directivesateattemptsbythespeakertogetthehearertodosome-thing.Inviting,suggesting,requesting,advising,wanting,threateningandorderingareallspecificinstancesofthisclass.Commissivesarethoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction,i.e.whenspeakingthespeakerputshimselfunderacertainobligation.Promising,undertaking,vowingarethemosttypicalones.Theillocutionarypointofexpressivesistoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.Thespeakerisexpressinghisfeelingsorattitudestowardsanexistingstateofaffairs,e.g.apologizing,thanking,congratulating.Thelastclass“declarations”hasthecharacteristicthatthesuccessfulperformanceofanactofthistypebringsaboutthecorrespondencebetweenwhatissaidandreality.3.WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCP?Trytogiveyourownexamplestoshowhowfloutingthesemaximsgivesrisetoconversationalimplicature?答：CooperativePrinciple,abbreviatedasCP.Itgoesasfollows:Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.Tobemorespecific,therearefourmaximsunderthisgeneralprinciple:(1)ThemaximofquantityMakeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange).Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.(2)ThemaximofqualityDonotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.(3)ThemaximofrelationBerelevant.(4)ThemaximofmannerAvoidobscurityofexpression.Avoidambiguity.Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity).Beorderly.第 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