大作文教材(共19页).docx

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上雅思大作文高级教材环境类一、 话题简介环境类的雅思写作话题是所有话题类型中很热门的一个话题，每年必考，也是雅思作文必练题型，一般包括，新旧能源，个人能否解决环境问题，政府和大公司谁该为环境问题负责等。最常见的话题类型有三种：1.环境问题原因，解决方案具体包括减少空中旅行和限制小汽车，限制飞机旅行，讨论一个解决世界环境的办法, 解决环境问题最好的方法是提高油价，水资源缺乏的原因以及解决方案，垃圾增多的原因以及解决方案，工业化国家导致环境的严重问题，生活水平的提高不可避免导致环境问题等。2.动物保护具体包括不再需要屠杀动物并将其做成食品或做成其他产品例如衣物和医药，保护动物可以保持生态平衡可持续发展，人类可以从动物身上获得灵感，人类可以探知物种的起源进行科学研究，动物有生存的权利应该维护动物的利益等3.国际社会，政府和私人对于环境问题的责任具体包括保护环境的唯一手段是争取国际合作，而不是单纯个人或国家的行为，国家和大公司谁应该为环境污染负责任，政府鼓励城市居民去城镇，商品生产对环境的影响，清理污染的主体，科技发展所引发的环境问题，新旧能源的使用问题等二、 环境类话题分类及思路拓展方法1） 环境问题原因、解决方案例题： Water resources around the world are falling deficient. Analyze the possible reasons and provide your suggestions.思路分析：主体分析法1） 水资源缺乏的原因：1. 人民对于水资源的存储以及使用的意识不高，技术不强，导致人们对于水资源的认识度不够，开采不出更多的水资源，人们仅仅局限于有限的水资源的使用，这直接导致了水资源的利用率低下。2. 人们一直存在着错误上观念，认为水资源是永远取之不尽，用之不竭的，因此在水的使用上便是肆无忌惮的使用，由于水资源开采技术的有限，只能过度的开采使用地下水来满足用水需求，因此过度使用地下水也是水资源缺乏的原因之一。3. 人口的快速增长，导致各行各业工作人员的用水需求也高速增长，例如，工农业，家庭生产方面，对水资源的需求增加随着人数的增长而大幅度的增加，因此，人口基数的大幅增长也是导致水资源缺乏的原因之一。2）解决方案1. 为了不让水资源高度缺乏，我们必须节约用水，改变以往随意用水的不良习惯，可以采取各种节约用水的措施来进行水资源的循环再利用。例如，运用洗菜的水来冲马桶，浇花等，既环保，又节约水资源，生态用水，生态和谐，才是当今社会的主题。2. 下雨天的雨水，平白无故的流走十分可惜，我们可以在下雨天时用大容量的器皿来把这些雨水收集起来，用于冲厕所等与吃用不相关的事情上，既节省了自己的水费支付，最重要的还是节约了水资源，利用大自然的循环二次利用来帮助大自然节约资源成本。练习：Many people believe that the human society has developed into a throwaway society, which is filled with plastic bags and rubbish. What are the causes and solutions?思路分析：People should first recognize that the increment in garbage is a natural result of the social and economic development. Unethical businesses are the main creators of industrial waste, including heavy metal, chemicals, plastic, and other durable and non-recyclable materials. Peoples quest for a better standard of living gives them incentives to manufacture a rich variety of consumer goods and disregard the potential impact on environment. This practice can date back to the earliest days of industrial revolution, producing enormous waster that are unable to be recycled and causing an environmental disaster.Another potential reason for the slow progress in waste treatment is peoples low awareness of the opportunities to reduce, and recycle waste. Many people do not have a firm stand against overconsumption and excessive production of disposable items. Besides, many citizens are not environmentally conscious, disposing of wastes whenever and wherever they consider convenient. Meanwhile, many manufacturers tend to use virgin materials, rather than recyclable materials in the course of production. Thats why many communities are facing a particularly difficult position in waste treatment. The best approach to address waste issues is simply to minimize its generation. It is primarily because the more waste people produce, the more waste they have to cope with. Waste recycling offers another means, although it requires the spontaneous commitment of both businesses and citizens. Additionally, laws should be set out to regulate corporation behavior and make their operation environmentally friendly.2） 动物保护例题：Some people hold that we should spend money and time on the protection of wild animals while others suggest that the money should be spent on populations living in the poorest areas of the world. What is your opinion?思路分析：主体分析法保护动物的原因：ecological ，ecology1. 动物是生态系统的重要组成部分，如果保护不好动物，直接就会导致生态系统的其它环节会出现问题，任何事物都是普遍联系的，生物链是环环相扣的，一个环节出现了问题，随之而来的就是一连串的问题了，生态系统如果出现问题，那么就会很麻烦，需要花费大量的精力去解决它。2. 动物是非常重要的资源，人们为了不同的目的从动物身上获取资源。一个简单的例子就是，人们从动物身上取得物质来制作药材，从而帮助人类治疗疾病。另外，人类利用动物的某种性能制作出适用于人类的产品，例如，防水衣就来源于鲨鱼皮的灵感。3. 一切事物都是生来平等的，动物也一样。不能够因为人类占主导地位，就剥夺动物的平等地位。把动物也同等看成是我们的朋友，整个地球才会和谐，没有买卖就没有杀害，不要等物种都濒临灭亡的时候才悔恨当初的行为，那个时候已经为时已晚了。练习：Some people strongly oppose animal experimentation, believing that it causes pain to animals, while some other people consider it necessary. What is your opinion?思路分析：主体分析法There is little doubt, first of all, that most of the animal-based experiments are conducted for the development of technology and to date, there is little chance of finding satisfying substitutions for animals. Animals are used mainly because they bear a close resemblance to humans, either in behavior or in cell structure. They respond to external disturbances(such as electrical shock) nearly in the same manner as humans do. There is much evidence that most of what people know about themselves, including pain, stress, reproduction and nutrition, is based on findings of animal-based experiments. Animal testing proves one of the main approaches to predict the risk when drugs or other products are used on humans.Another fact to support animal-based experiment is that animals are not the equivalent of humans, and can be used as resources for human purposes. Animals have no capacity to recognize the rights of other species. Nor will they take in consideration the interests of other species. It is possibly one of the main reasons why animals feed on each other. Humans, by comparison, use animal experimentations not only for their own interests but also for the interests of animals. For example, some medical discoveries can be used by veterinary surgeons to give medical care and treatment to sick animals.Despite the justifications given for vivisection, researchers have the obligation to reduce animal testing and animal suffering. There is a growing recognition that animal tests are mostly done for commercial purposes and most of them are avoidable. For instance, the cosmetic industry has been exploiting animal experimentation simply for diversifying products and maximizing profits. The fewer cosmetic products people use, the fewer animals they have to slaughter. When scientists are empowered to carry out cruel experiments like vivisection, such powers should not be abused.3）国际社会，政府和私人对环境问题的责任例题：The environment problems facing todays world are so great that there is little ordinary people can do to improve the situation. Government and large companies should be responsible for reducing the amount of damage being done to the environment. To what extend do you agree or disagree?思路分析：分类法政府应该承担环境保护的原因：1）既然纳税人向政府缴纳了税金，政府就必须要好好利用税金，将纳税人的钱用到实处，对得起纳税人所缴纳的税款。如果政府并没有利用纳税人的税金办实事，那么也会让纳税人失望，不但会有原来的环境问题，最后还会牵扯出对政府的信任度的问题。2）作为法定意义上的团体有着制定与执行环境保护法的权力。公民的权力毕竟是有限的，不能执行每一项任务，而政府的权力是人民集中意志的体现，又具有权威性，因此，政府应该好好利用自己手里的权力去造福人类。3）严重的环境问题，需要巨大的科研投资和资金，是一般社会团体以及个人所无法做到的。仅仅依靠个人以及社会团里的力量是不会解决所有的问题的，因为个人的力量太有限了，而政府就不一样了，它拥有了最丰富和便利的资源，可以更好地解决问题。企业应该肩负起环境保护的责任的原因：1）企业如果肩负起环境保护的责任，从长远利益出发，是有利于企业的发展的，对于维护企业的良好公众形象，为企业的形象打好广告有着十分有效的作用。这比投入巨大广告费来提升企业利润更为有效以及长久。无形的广告才是深入人心的。2）对于生产的各项环境和质检标准，企业如果严格遵守这个，会大限度地使用自己的原材料和扩大自己的利润，为企业标准化经营以及节约成本，增加利润提供极为便利的条件。个人应该肩负起环境保护的原因：个人的行为也会影响着整个环境保护的进程。牵一发而动全身即是这个道理，个人行为的一些小事，其实对于整个大局有着至关重要的作用。整体与局部的关系坚决不可忽略。如果个人的行为给环境带来影响的话，那么整个环境必然不会得到完美的保护以及完善。练习：Many people think it is very important to protect the environment but they make no effort to do it themselves. Why do you think it is the case? What actions can be done to suggest individuals protect the environment? 思路分析:In terms of Individuals, one often takes a negative attitude to environmental protection in that his power is too trivial; as to government, for the lack of relevant legislation, the destruction of the environment behavior punishment is ineffective. The lack of incentive mechanism, it is difficult to encourage people to carry out environmental protection activities. In modern life, people tend to excessively pursuit material needs which lead to too much choice of high energy consumption, disposable, rather than environmentally friendly products.To solve this problem, we should make great efforts. Firstly, the government should constitute more rigid laws and regulations to punish those who pollute the environment; secondly, Heavy taxation can be imposed on high energy-wasting and disposable products, in order to discourage people from using them. Meanwhile, the government should use environmentally friendly products, and encourage people to classify household garbage to facilitate waste recycling. Thirdly, through public service advertisements made by media and launching environment campaigns, we believe that many a mickle makes a muckle.三、 常用词汇1.afforestation 绿化2.ecology-friendly city 生态城市3. water-saving habit 节水的习惯4. water conservation 水资源保护5.reinforce the conservation of water and soil 加强水土保持6.slow down the pace of global warming 减缓全球变暖速度7.tackle the problems of sand and water erosion治理沙地和水土流失问题8.protect the rare wild animals and plants加强珍稀野生动植物保护工作9.back to nature life style/ pursue a green life 绿色生活方式10. decrease the disposal of pollutants 削减污物排放11.biodiversity 生物多样性12.sustainable development 可持续发展 13.environmentalist/ conservationist 环保主义者14. environmentally-friendly 环保的15. reuse/ recycle 循环使用16. renewable resource 可再生资源17.arouse the awareness of environmental protection 加强环保意识18.biodegradable material 能降解材料19.popularize the eco-friendly bags 普及环保袋20.harness the alternative energy 利用其他能源21.implement the recycling schemes 实施可循环规划22.strengthen the reservation of 加强保护23.back up garage classification 垃圾分类24.take harsher measures 采取严格措施25.strengthen guidance 加强监管26.enforce penalties 实施惩罚27.launch a study 开展研究28.increase the inputs in environmental protection 加大环保投入29.promote the legislation of environmental protection 环保立法30.promote sustainable development 促进可持续发展31.create a pleasant ecological environment 创造良好生态环境32.ensure the rational use of natural resources 保障自然资源的合理利用 33.develop renewable resources 开发可再生资源34.bio-degradable plastic bags 可降解塑料袋35.protect forests from overexploitation 防止过度利用森林36.low-carbon economy 低碳经济37.low-carbon technology 低碳科技38.low-carbon lifestyle 低碳生活39. low-carbon society 低碳社会40.low-carbon city 低碳城市四、高分句型1. Landfills can pose health risks to humans and other animals, resulting in the spread of disease.垃圾会给人类和其他动物带来健康威胁，并导致疾病的蔓延。2. Many people consider urban sprawl to be the fastest growing threat to their local environment and quality of life.很多人认为城市扩张是对当地环境以及生活质量的一个成长最快的威胁。3. Excessive use of natural resources can place human life and animals at risk.过分使用自然资源会让人类和动物处于危险之中。4. As forest and other habitats are converted to residential, commercial or agricultural use, wild plants and animals vanish.当森林和其他栖息地转为住宅，商业或者农业用途的时候，野生动植物就消失了。5. Trees are very important because they reduce pollutants and improve air quality.树木非常重要，因为它们可以减少污染物并提高空气质量。6. While pollution on the world scale is still worsening, there is a clear trend toward decrease in the developed countries.虽然污染在世界范围内仍在不断恶化，但发达国家的污染却有明显的下降趋势。7. As economy and technology advance, more money and better techniques have become available for minimizing pollution.随着经济和技术发展，减少污染有了更多的资金和更好的技术。8. The environmental impact of global warming will increase unless strong mitigation measures are taken.除非采取强有力的缓和措施，否则全球变暖对环境的影响会加大。9.It is common to say that every environmental problem has causes, effects and solutions, but hardly has any solution been paid enough attention to.人们常说么一个环境问题都有产生原因，影响和解决方法，但解决方法却很少被给予足够的重视。10. It is always interesting to find that many people want to protect the environment but meanwhile, refuse to make any change in lifestyle or buying habits.五、课堂实战演练题目：Nowadays we are producing more and more rubbish. Why do you think it is happening? What can governments do to help to reduce the amount of rubbish produced？1-开头、结尾和主体部分中文思路开头段：开篇点题，存在的现象。现实情况就是，现在家家户户每天都能产生出很多垃圾，有消耗就有垃圾出现，随着人口的增多，消耗品并且这一现象不可避免。主体段1：分析原因：如今人们的生活水平提高了，对消费品的需求数量也增加了，消费越多，随之而来的消费垃圾也就增多了。方便是现代人所追求的例如，人们为了携带方便，会选择很多罐头食品，打包这些东西就又需要包装，垃圾也就随之产生了。主体段2：分析产生的弊端：塑料袋的利用率其实不高，很多都是仅仅使用一次就被扔掉了，但是制造垃圾袋产生的成本却并不像想象中那么低廉。同时，它也是污染源，并且垃圾袋经过长时间，甚至是一百年才会分解，它对环境的影响是巨大的。主题段3：解决的方法：提升公众意识，当然，其中，包括对孩子的保护环境的意识抓起，成人当然也要付出实际行动。通过对垃圾袋征税，来限制居民滥用垃圾袋的行为。开展回收服务，将居民抛弃的可利用垃圾袋进行回收再利用。减少浪费现象，将浪费污染情况降到最低。结尾段：提出的解决办法会带来的结果。如果我们很好地制定政策采取措施，那么会减轻制造垃圾的麻烦，可以在一定程度上保护和改善环境。2-范文I think it is true that in almost every country today each household and family produces a large amount of waste every week. Most of this rubbish comes from the packaging from the things we buy, such as processed food. But even if we buy fresh food without packaging, we still produce rubbish from the plastic bags used everywhere to carry shopping home.The reason why we have so much packaging is that we consume so much more on a daily basis than the families did in the past. Convenience is also very important in modern life, so we packaged or canned food that can be transported from long distances and stored until we need it, first in the supermarket, then at home.However, the amount of waste produced is also a result of our tendency to use something once and throw it away. We forget that even the cheapest plastic bag has used up valuable resources and energy to produce. We also forget that it is a source of pollution and difficult to dispose of.I think, therefore, that governments need to raise this awareness in the general public. Children can be educated about environmental issues at school, but adults need to take action. Governments can encourage such action by putting taxes on packaging, such as plastic bags, by providing recycling services and by fining households and shops that do not attempt to recycle their waste.With the political will, such measures could really reduce the amount of rubbish we produce. Certainly nobody wants to see our resources used up and our planet poisoned by waste.【主语从句：it is true that】【短语：大量】【名词：垃圾】【名词:塑料袋】【.的原因在于，表语从句】【名词：便利】【形容词：罐装的】【短语：是.的结果】【一次性使用】【短语：扔掉】【短语:用尽】【短语 :.是.的源头】【短语：提升公众意识】【短语:采取行动】【短语：在.征税】【短语:回收服务】【短语：尝试去做】【with复合结构，随着】六、 课后作业1. Many people believe that human activity is causing the earths temperature to rise. They say that this global warming will have dreadful consequences for your environment, such as drought and flooding. What should governments do to help prevent global warming? Give reasons for your suggestions.思路分析：陈述观点：地球变暖加剧，由此导致的一系列气候变化，诸如热浪，洪涝干旱，这是由于人类活动造成的。然后为了解决这一系列的问题，引出政府应该采取的措施，有三：第一，支持科学研究。第二，制定法律法规相关政策。第三，应该让公众获悉。主段1：政府要投入大量的资金技术各种方法，来鼓励进行科技研究，来防止污染。例如，鼓励各大公司改进机动车的技术来将污染降到最低水平。采用风力水力发电等一系列没有大气污染的方式来代替煤炭石油等的发电。同时，也要大力赞助开多方论坛会来解决一系列的问题。主段2：制定相关的法律法规政策。比如限制各大公司对于温室气体的排放，制定相关政策来进行良好的约束，一旦违反相关法律法规，制造出污染气体，就要受到一定的惩罚。通过这种措施来有效遏制环境污染的问题。主段3：让每一个公民都参与进来，环境问题的保护不是特指哪一个人的，这是与每个人都息息相关的问题，因此必须要人人参与，人人有责。例如，鼓励每一个公民节约能源，鼓励大家对于一些东西的循环再利用，比如废弃塑料袋，废纸的二次利用，都是很好的措施。总结：政府可以采取一些措施来组织全球变暖，但这一系列措施包括各大企业的加入，以及对于科学家的支持，个人的行为来保护地球。2. It is said that the best way to solve the worlds environmental problems is to increase the price of fuel