6. 英语意群、重读、弱读、连读、爆破和语调.ppt

Language is power!Language is power!语言就是力量！语言就是力量！ Must I stick it on myself? Must I stick it on myself? Must I stick it on myself?在连贯的话语中，不可能所有的词都同样重要，在连贯的话语中，不可能所有的词都同样重要，必然有些词较为关键，有些词则相对次要一些。必然有些词较为关键，有些词则相对次要一些。一般来说，关键词需要重读，这就是句子重音，一般来说，关键词需要重读，这就是句子重音，而其他词则不必重读。而其他词则不必重读。 名词、实义动词、形容词、副词、数名词、实义动词、形容词、副词、数词、指示代词、疑问词和感叹词等一词、指示代词、疑问词和感叹词等一般都重读。般都重读。 而冠词、介词、连词和一般性的代词而冠词、介词、连词和一般性的代词则不重读。则不重读。 What s the matter? The sweater is beautiful. Your book is on the desk. He started counting it. He usually gets up at six oclock. 1. 助动词、情态动词和助动词、情态动词和be动词一般没有句子重音，但在附加动词一般没有句子重音，但在附加句中可以重读，在简答句中则必须重读：句中可以重读，在简答句中则必须重读： He wont do it, will he? No he wont. You can do it, cant you? Yes, I can. You were trying, werent you? Yes, I was. 2. 助动词、情态动词和助动词、情态动词和be动词与动词与not连成一词时要重读：连成一词时要重读： She doesnt like the weather here. I cant speak French。 They arent waiting for us. He isnt a tech nician. 3. be用在一般疑问句句首时，重读与否均可：用在一般疑问句句首时，重读与否均可： Is he a worker? Is he a worker? 比较句中的重音比较句中的重音 在比较句中，重音落在在比较句中，重音落在as或或than后的代（名）词上：后的代（名）词上： This is better than that. John is taller than Bill. Shes as happy as a lark. Hes as sly as a fox. 句子的重音总是要表现说话人的思想和他句子的重音总是要表现说话人的思想和他所要表达的意思的重点。有时为了强调，所要表达的意思的重点。有时为了强调，句子中几乎任何词都可以有句子重音，包句子中几乎任何词都可以有句子重音，包括一些通常没有句子重音的词，这种括一些通常没有句子重音的词，这种依说依说话者意图重读的音就是逻辑重音话者意图重读的音就是逻辑重音。 Are you angry with me? Are you angry with me? Are you angry with me? Did you tell my wife? Did you tell my wife? Did you tell my wife? We heard John talking. We heard John talking. We heard John talking. 英语语调主要有英语语调主要有降调、升调和平调降调、升调和平调三大类。三大类。 不同的语调可以表示说话人不同的态度和不同的语调可以表示说话人不同的态度和不同的隐含意思。不同的隐含意思。 英语中同一句话采用不同的语调会产生截英语中同一句话采用不同的语调会产生截然不同的语意概念。如然不同的语意概念。如“Yes”Yes”。 语调具有强烈的感情色彩，它使语言更富语调具有强烈的感情色彩，它使语言更富有表现力。有表现力。 用于陈述句用于陈述句 I have already read that book. That street is two miles long. 用于特殊疑问句用于特殊疑问句 What has happened to him? Which direction is it to the post office? 注意：注意：特殊疑问句有时可用升调表示请别人重复刚说过的话：特殊疑问句有时可用升调表示请别人重复刚说过的话： What is your major? Where shall we go for the holiday? 用于祈使句用于祈使句 Go back to your seat! Please do not hesitate to contact me. 用于感叹句用于感叹句 What a small world! Oh! My poor Mathilde, how youve changed! 用于选择疑问句中用于选择疑问句中“or”之后的部分之后的部分 Do you want to ride or walk? Would you like coffee or tea? 用于一般疑问句用于一般疑问句 Do you mind if I sit here? Can you hand in your compositions today? 注意注意：一般疑问句有时也可用降调，表示一种不：一般疑问句有时也可用降调，表示一种不耐烦的口气，或表示命令等。耐烦的口气，或表示命令等。 Are you satisfied? Will you take off your hat, please? 用于罗列中最后一项之前的各项用于罗列中最后一项之前的各项 For each incomplete sentence, there are four choices marked A , B , C , and D. We study Chinese , history , geography , and English. 用于陈述句，表示疑问、怀疑、未定、猜测或期待等用于陈述句，表示疑问、怀疑、未定、猜测或期待等 Your really want to do it? She might have gone. I think so. 用于置于句首的状语短语或状语从句用于置于句首的状语短语或状语从句 After dinner , I read a magazine and made telephone calls. While you were writing letters , I was reading a book. 用于并列句的第一个分句，表示句子还未说完用于并列句的第一个分句，表示句子还未说完 My fever is gone , but I still have a cough. My major is English , and I like it. 用于委婉祈使句用于委婉祈使句 Excuse me, sir . Can you help me? 用于称呼语用于称呼语 Mrs. Smith , this is Tom Jones. 用于直接引语后，表示话是谁说的用于直接引语后，表示话是谁说的 “We are going to Florida,” she said brightly. “How do you feel, boy?” I asked him. “连读连读”是在是在一个意群内一个意群内进行的，它是在说话较快时进行的，它是在说话较快时自然产生的一种语音连读现象。自然产生的一种语音连读现象。 在同一意群中，在同一意群中，前一词以辅音音素结尾，后一词以前一词以辅音音素结尾，后一词以元音音素开头元音音素开头，在说话或朗读句子时，习惯上很自，在说话或朗读句子时，习惯上很自然地将这两个音素合拼在一起读出来，这种语音现然地将这两个音素合拼在一起读出来，这种语音现象叫象叫连读连读。 连读的条件：连读的条件：相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关，相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关，同属一个意群。同属一个意群。如果相邻两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词如果相邻两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。是以元音开头，这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。 come out look at take it off beat it drop in put on bend over keep on an orange read it one of us half an hour stand up put it on not at all first of all a cup of tea take it easy back in a minute in an hour pick it up an hour and a half let him in A group of people put on their coats and went out. i. i. 英语语音中的英语语音中的/j/j/和和/w/w/是半元音，如果前一个词是是半元音，如果前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以半元音，特别是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以半元音，特别是/j/j/开头，开头，此时也要连读。此时也要连读。 ThankyouThankyou. . ii. ii. 音的同化也是一种连读的现象，两个词之间非常音的同化也是一种连读的现象，两个词之间非常平滑的过渡，导致一个音受临音影响而变化。平滑的过渡，导致一个音受临音影响而变化。 t d s z+ j t d s z+ j 要发生音变。要发生音变。辅音辅音tt与与j j相邻时，被同化为相邻时，被同化为tt：t + j t Nice to meetyou. Cantyou do it?Ill letyou know.Is thatyour car?No, notyet.辅音辅音dd与与j j相邻时，被同化为相邻时，被同化为 dd ：d + j dDidyou get there lateagain? Wouldyou likea cupof tea？ Couldyou help me, please? 辅音辅音ss与与j j相邻时相邻时, , 被同化为被同化为：s + j God blessyou.Canyou dressyourself?I missyou.辅音辅音z与与j相邻时相邻时, 被同化为被同化为：z + j How wasyour vacation?He saysyoure good.如果前一个词以元音结尾，后一个词以元音开头，这如果前一个词以元音结尾，后一个词以元音开头，这两个音往往也要自然而不间断地连读到一起。两个音往往也要自然而不间断地连读到一起。 DoI?Youre ju sohonest.Iam Chinese. Heis very friendly to me. She wants to studyEnglish. Howand why did you come here? She cant carryit. Itll take you threehours to walk there. The question is tooeasy for him to answer. 爆破音爆破音/p/p/，/b/b/，/t/t/，/d/d/，/k/k/，/g/ /g/ 和摩擦音和摩擦音/f/f/，/v/v/，/W/,/W/,其中任意其中任意2 2个相临时，前一个音会轻音化，即由相关的发音器官个相临时，前一个音会轻音化，即由相关的发音器官做好这个发音的姿势，稍做停顿后即发后面的音。做好这个发音的姿势，稍做停顿后即发后面的音。 如果这些音如果这些音在词尾，也要轻音化。在词尾，也要轻音化。Si(t) downcontac(t) lensDa(d) told) megoo(d) nightThe girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now. The bi(g) bus from the fa(c)tory is full of people. Wha(t) time does he get up every morning? This is an ol(d) pi(c)ture of a bi(g) car. The ol(d) do(c)tor has a ca(t), too. 如果前词尾辅音与后词尾辅音相同，前辅如果前词尾辅音与后词尾辅音相同，前辅音省略。音省略。I was so happy.I have got to go. I have gotta go.(to轻音化为轻音化为ta)Doyou want to dance? do you wanna dance? (to轻音化为轻音化为na)以辅音结尾的单词以辅音结尾的单词 + h+ h开头的单词，开头的单词，h h不发不发音，与前面的辅音连读。音，与前面的辅音连读。Tellher I missher.What wil(l he) wilido?Ha(s he) zi doneit before?Mus(t he) ti go?Can he ni do it?Should he di .?Tell him to ask her.Lea(ve him) vim.28如果前一个词是以如果前一个词是以-r -r或或-re-re结尾，后一个词是以元音开结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的头，这时的r r 或或re re不但要发不但要发/r/,/r/,而且还要与后面的元音而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。拼起来连读。far away after all for ever a pair of our own there is for example After all, this is our own home.There is a football under it.There are some books on the desk.Here is a letter for you.Here are four eggs.如果一个音节的前后都有字母如果一个音节的前后都有字母r r，即使后面的，即使后面的词以元音开头，也不能连读。词以元音开头，也不能连读。 The black clouds are coming nearer and nearer.（nearer与与and不可连读）不可连读） 当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时，意群与意当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时，意群与意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与元音出现，也不群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与元音出现，也不可连读。可连读。 Isit ahat or a cat?（hat与与or之间不可以连读）之间不可以连读） Thereisa good book in my desk. （book与与in之间不可以连读）之间不可以连读） Can you speakEnglish or French? （English与与or之间不可以连读）之间不可以连读）Shall we meet ateight or ten tomorrow morning? （meet与与 at，eight与与or之间不可以连读）之间不可以连读） She opened the door and walkedin. （door与与and之间不可以连读）之间不可以连读） a block_of flats the corner_of the street a tin_of peas the top_of the mountain a piece_of cake in_a foreign country a glass_of water an_instant success a cup_of tea such_a short time nice clear_air send_it by mail an_English girl wait_a moment a nice_idea a lot_of noise a visit to_India once_in_a while an_apology a waste_of time made_up_of not_in the least in_America War_and Peace out_of date Out_of Africa wait_and see Death_on the Nile have_a rest The Wizard_of Oz Alice_in Wonderland times_up a mother_of three Cat_on a Hot Tin RoofWere going to work on a farm nex(t) Tuesday. What would you like, ho(t) tea or bla(ck) coffee?Its a very col(d) day, but its a goo(d) day. You can put i(t) down in the bi(g) garden. I bought a chea(p) book, but its a goo(d) book. I wen(t) there alone a(t) nine las(t) night. -Do you know his bi(ke) number? -Sorry, I don(t) know. The forty-firs(t) lesson is qui(te) difficult. He needs a lot o(f) money. 一个英文单词如果由多个音节构成，那么其中至一个英文单词如果由多个音节构成，那么其中至少有一个音节是重音；如果，音节足够多的话，少有一个音节是重音；如果，音节足够多的话，那么可能还有次重音以及一个以上的重音。那么可能还有次重音以及一个以上的重音。 同样的道理，一个句子由多个单词构成，那么，同样的道理，一个句子由多个单词构成，那么，其中总是有至少一个单词被强读，而相对来看，其中总是有至少一个单词被强读，而相对来看，其它的单词会被弱读。其它的单词会被弱读。弱读的规则一般是：元音音节弱化成弱读的规则一般是：元音音节弱化成 或或i i 。如下几个单词：如下几个单词：at, of, the, to, as, than, and, or, his, a, at, of, the, to, as, than, and, or, his, a, an, but, been, for, her, we, be, shall, was, them, an, but, been, for, her, we, be, shall, was, them, 弱读的弱读的频率达到频率达到9090，其中，其中a, an, the, thana, an, the, than极少用强式。极少用强式。查字典会发现这些词都至少有两种读音，如查字典会发现这些词都至少有两种读音，如for: for: 重重读时读时f f?: , : , 弱读时弱读时 f f ；as as的强读形式是的强读形式是/ z/ / z/ ，弱，弱读形式是读形式是/ /z/z/。 大多大多助动词、系动词、介词、连词助动词、系动词、介词、连词、冠词、代词，、冠词、代词，都有两种发音形式都有两种发音形式：强读式、弱读式。：强读式、弱读式。 这些单词往往都是单音节单词。这些单词往往都是单音节单词。1）弱读形式和强读形式各自的）弱读形式和强读形式各自的元音不同。元音不同。 2）弱读音节中常常省略了某一）弱读音节中常常省略了某一个音。个音。 如果一个单词被强读如果一个单词被强读 ，那么这个单词中的：，那么这个单词中的： 长元音会被读的很清楚，并且显得更长一些；长元音会被读的很清楚，并且显得更长一些； 双元音会被读的很饱满，并且显得很有弹性；双元音会被读的很饱满，并且显得很有弹性； 落在重音上的短元音都会显得更长一些；落在重音上的短元音都会显得更长一些； 重音所在的音节可能带着不同的语调（升调、降调、降重音所在的音节可能带着不同的语调（升调、降调、降升调）升调） 如果一个单词被弱读，那么这个单词中的：如果一个单词被弱读，那么这个单词中的： 长元音会变得短一些（几乎与短元音的长度相当）；长元音会变得短一些（几乎与短元音的长度相当）； 重音音节会变得与非重音音阶一样轻；重音音节会变得与非重音音阶一样轻； 很多元音都会发生变化，向很多元音都会发生变化，向/ / /靠拢；靠拢； 轻辅音轻辅音/s/s/、/t/t/、/k/k/、/f/f/之后的元音之后的元音/ / /可能会直接被可能会直接被省略掉省略掉 1.大多数有弱读形式的单词中，元音都变成了大多数有弱读形式的单词中，元音都变成了/ /； at / t/ ; as /z/; had / hd/；must /mst/2有少数几个单词的弱读形式变成了有少数几个单词的弱读形式变成了i /； be /i/； been /bin/； me /mi/； the /i/3.有时，一些常用词的弱读形式中省略了一个元音。有时，一些常用词的弱读形式中省略了一个元音。 am /m/； has/z/； have /v/； is / z /4. 有时，一些常用的弱读形式中省略了一个辅音。有时，一些常用的弱读形式中省略了一个辅音。 and / n/； have / v/； would /d/； her /:/要在连贯说话中应用弱读形式，不是要在连贯说话中应用弱读形式，不是懂得了道理就能学会的，也不是一朝懂得了道理就能学会的，也不是一朝一夕就能掌握的，需要通过大量的模一夕就能掌握的，需要通过大量的模仿和练习才能学好。仿和练习才能学好。 1) to /t/ but /bt/ I want to come but I cant. 2) and /nd/ Hes rich and famous. 3) than /n/ /n/ Better than that. Hes older than she is. 4) but /bt/ She wants to sing but she cant. 5) such /st/ We have problems, such as pollution. 6) some /sm/ There are some copies here. 7) any /ni/ There arent any more. 8) he /hi/ Does he want any? 9) her /h/ Ive met her mother. 10) him /im/ Tell him Id like to. 11) them /m/ /m/ I havent seen them yet. 12) you /j/ What do you think? 13) your /j/ Take your time. 14) us /s/ Let us think it over. 15) that /t/ This is the house that Jack built. 16) at /t/ At least one. 17) for /f/ Its for you. 18) from /frm/ He comes from England. 19) of /v/ Id love a cup of tea. 20) to /t/ You ought to go. 21) an /n/ Id like an apple. 22) the / /i/ Thats the one. 23) am /m/ Im going now. 24) are / Where are you going? 25) is /z/ /s/ Hes here. My hat is here. 26) was /wz/ Was he there? 27) were /w/ We were very pleased. 28) have /hv/, /v/, /v/ Theyve left. Have any been lost? 29) had /hd/, /d/ They had better hurry. 30) has /z/ What has he done? He has just arrived. 31) do /du/, /d/ Do you think so? 32) does /dz/ When does he leave? 33) can /kn/, /kn/ Can you hear me? 34) could /kd/ Could you do it now? 35) should /d/ How should I know? 36) there / There is nothing left. There are not enough. 37) shall /l, l/ How shall I do like that? 38) when /wn/ Her parents had been dead when she was a child. 39) will /l, l/ He will go back home tomorrow. 40) would /wd, d, d/ He would be happy if he had passed the exam.失去爆破失去爆破不完全爆破不完全爆破 按发音方法可分为：按发音方法可分为： 爆破音：爆破音：p b t d k g 摩擦音：摩擦音：f v s z h 破擦音：破擦音：t ts dz tr dr 鼻音：鼻音：m n 舌侧音：舌侧音：l 卷舌音：卷舌音：r 半元音：半元音：w j 当一个爆破音后面紧跟着另一个爆破当一个爆破音后面紧跟着另一个爆破音时，前面的爆破音不发生爆破。方音时，前面的爆破音不发生爆破。方法是：对于前一个爆破音，只作发音法是：对于前一个爆破音，只作发音的姿势，刚要发出时，立即发出第二的姿势，刚要发出时，立即发出第二个爆破音。这种现象叫做个爆破音。这种现象叫做失去爆破失去爆破。 爆破音爆破音 + + 爆破音爆破音 （爆破音：（爆破音：/p, b, t, d, k, g/p, b, t, d, k, g/） what time /wt taim/ goodbye /,gudbai/ bedtime /bedtaim/ big kite /big kait/ kept blackboard notebook Goodbye My father kept working till midnight. Please write the answer on the blackboard. Write the answer in your notebook. Id like to say goodbye to everyone. He has a bad cold today. You should take care of the children. Glad to meet you. 1. book-keeper 2. handbag 3. blackboard 4. September 5. sit down 6. used to 7. that time 8. a red car 9. He used to swim. 10. Are you used to the food here? 11. I had a bad cold. 12. I bought a red handbag. 13. Tommy is a good book-keeper. 14. He likes to talk big. 15. I stop to select the black car pass. 16. I expect to join the football team. 当一个爆破音后面紧跟着一个摩擦音或破擦音时当一个爆破音后面紧跟着一个摩擦音或破擦音时，前面的爆破音只作部分爆破。方法是：对于前一，前面的爆破音只作部分爆破。方法是：对于前一个爆破音，作好发音的姿势，刚发出时，立即过渡个爆破音，作好发音的姿势，刚发出时，立即过渡到第二个摩擦音或破擦音上去。第一个爆破音发出到第二个摩擦音或破擦音上去。第一个爆破音发出的声音是非常轻微的，有时甚至听不出来。这种现的声音是非常轻微的，有时甚至听不出来。这种现象叫做象叫做不完全爆破。不完全爆破。 爆破音爆破音 + + 摩擦音或破擦音摩擦音或破擦音 （摩擦音：（摩擦音：/f, v, /f, v, ?, , , s, z, , , s, z, , , h/, h/） （破擦音：（破擦音：/ts, dz, tr, dr, t , d/ts, dz, tr, dr, t , d/ /） picture /pik t / big jug /big d / good child /gud taild/ that joke /t duk/ 爆破音爆破音 + + 鼻辅音或舌边音鼻辅音或舌边音 （鼻辅音：（鼻辅音：/m, n, /m, n, /）（舌边音：）（舌边音：/l/l/） good morning /gud m:ni/ big nation /big nein/ mad man /md mn/ correct note /k rekt nut/ Advance Success Picture Object A good job My best friend. I feel it Thursday He has a good job. Tom is my best friend. Have you got that? Have you heard from Mary? Im not feeling well! He arrived at school at nine!鼻腔爆破鼻腔爆破舌边爆破舌边爆破摩擦爆破摩擦爆破破擦爆破破擦爆破爆破音爆破音t dt d和鼻辅音和鼻辅音mm与与n n 相邻，爆破音形成阻碍，发相邻，爆破音形成阻碍，发生不完全爆破，在词末必须通生不完全爆破，在词末必须通过过鼻腔爆破鼻腔爆破。/tn/ writtenBritaincertainfrightenwhitenesspartnerwitnessat nightstart now what next/dn/ hiddenburdenpardonwoodensadness kidneygood nightred nose bread knife/tm/ excitement atmosphere a bit more white mice eight men/dm/ admit sad music a good many broad minded button, garden, midnight, Good morning, sir. Good night. a good mother He often comes home at midnight. He has always been a good neighbor. Her goodness was apparent to everyone.爆破音爆破音t d kt d k后面紧跟着的后面紧跟着的是舌侧音是舌侧音ll时，这种辅音组合时，这种辅音组合在语音学里叫做在语音学里叫做舌边爆破舌边爆破。/ tl / little battle settle cattle bottle/ dl / middlemuddlemodelneedle Lately, badly, madly, recently, quickly I have been very busy lately. I havent seen him lately. Have you been there lately? He slept badly. His foot was badly hurt. Ive been quite badly off recently. 爆破音后紧跟着的是摩擦音爆破音后紧跟着的是摩擦音/f, /f, v, v, ?, , , s, z, , , s, z, , , h/, h/时，这种辅时，这种辅音组合在语音学里叫做音组合在语音学里叫做摩擦爆摩擦爆破破。 advance You must pay in advance. Can I have an advance on my salary? What would your advice be in this case? What would you advise me to do. Keep that in mind. 爆破音后面紧跟着的是破擦音爆破音后面紧跟着的是破擦音/ts, dz, tr, dr, t , d/ts, dz, tr, dr, t , d/ /时这种辅时这种辅音组合在语音学里叫做音组合在语音学里叫做破擦爆破擦爆破破。 Picture, Object I had my picture taken yesterday. Do you know how do you draw a picture? You shouldnt treat women like objects. He stood up and objected in strong language.pp: ripe pearpb: soap bubblept: cup tie 英国足球淘汰赛英国足球淘汰赛pd: deep downpk: pipe cleaner烟斗杆子烟斗杆子pg: lamp glassbp: rob Peterbb: rub brisklybt: obtainbd: cab driverbk: Bob camebg: describe Greentp: wet painttb: pocketbooktt:fast traintd: great dealtk: not cleantg: white goosedb: card boarddt:good timedd: field daydk: red carddg: good girlkp: silk pursekb: ink bottlekt: actorkd: public dutykk: black catkg: park gategp: flag polegb: dog biscuitkg: park gategp: flag polegb: dog biscuitgt: rag timegd: dig down gk: eggcupgg: big girl 句子意群是指句子意群是指句子中按意思和语句子中按意思和语法结构划分出的各个成分，每一法结构划分出的各个成分，每一个成分即称为一个意群个成分即称为一个意群。 意群可以用意群可以用“l”l”符号表示。符号表示。 在说话和朗读时，意群的作用是：如果感到在说话和朗读时，意群的作用是：如果感到句子很长，一口气说不下来，可以在意群和意句子很长，一口气说不下来，可以在意群和意群之间有一个很短的停顿（换气）。正确的停群之间有一个很短的停顿（换气）。正确的停顿应该在意群和意群之间。同一个意群内不应顿应该在意群和意群之间。同一个意群内不应停顿。停顿。 意群之间的停顿不是固定的，而是灵活的。意群之间的停顿不是固定的，而是灵活的。可以按照个人的需要，可停顿也可不停顿，可可以按照个人的需要，可停顿也可不停顿，可多停顿也可少停顿。多停顿也可少停顿。 意群是根据语义、语法和语调来划分的。意群是根据语义、语法和语调来划分的。 从语义和语法上讲，意群必须是表达某种意从语义和语法上