初中英语人教版语法知识点总结.docx

精品名师归纳总结中学英语人教版学问点总结一般现在时的用法1) 常常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every , sometimes, at, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 留意：此用法假如显现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例： Columbus proved that the earth is round.4) 现在时刻的状态、才能、性格、个性。I don t want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较： Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬时动作。再如： Now watchme, Iswitchon thecurrentand standback. 其次句中的 now 是进行时的标志, 表示正在进行的动作的客观状况, 所以后句用一般现在时。2. 一般过去时的用法1） 在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有： yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day,可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结in 1982等。Where did you go just now.2） 表示在过去一段时间内,常常性或习惯性的动作。When I was a child, I often played football in the street.WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregiven a warm welcome.3） 句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到时间了 " "该了" It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了 " "早该了"It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。would had rather sb. did sth.表示 宁愿某人做某事 I d rather you came tomorrow.4 wish, wonder, think, hope等用过去时,作摸索性的询问、恳求、建议等。I thought you might have some.我以为你想要一些。比较：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。Christine was an invalid all her life. 含义：她已不在人间。Christine has been an invalid all her life. 含义：她现在仍活着 Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. 含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.含义：现在仍住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去留意： 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。1）动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend等。Did you want anything else.I wondered if you could help me. 2）情态动词 could, would.Could you lend me your bike.3. used to / be used tousedto+ do ：" 过去常常 " 表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful.Scarf used to take a walk. 过去常常漫步 be used to + doing： 对已感到习惯,或 " 习惯于 " , to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.现在习惯于漫步 典型例题- Your phone number again. Iquite catch it.-It s 69568442.A. didn t B. couldnt C. dont D. cant答案 A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。4. 一般将来时1) shall用于第一人称,常被 will所代替。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结will在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求看法常常用于其次人称。Which paragraph shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening.2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow.b. 方案,支配要发生的事。The play is going to be produced next month。c. 有迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3) be +不定式表将来,按方案或正式支配将发生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4) be about to +不定式,意为立刻做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing.留意： be about to不能与 tomorrow, next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。5. be going to / will用于条件句时, be going to表将来 will表意愿Ifyouaregoingtomake a journey,youd bettergetreadyfor it a s soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.6. be to和 be going tobe to表示客观支配或受人指示而做某事。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结be going to表示主观的准备或方案。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 客观支配 I m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 主观支配 一般现在时表将来1） 以下动词： come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或支配好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus star. It stars in ten minutes.2） 倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 3）在时间或条件句中。When Bill comes 不是 will come, ask him to wait for me.I ll write to youas soon as I arrive there.4）在动词 hope, take care that, make sure that等后。I hope they have a nice time next week.Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.11. 用于现在完成时的句型1） It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.2） This is the that结构, that从句可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结要用现在完成时 .This is the best film that Ive ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the first time that Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。典型例题(1) -Do you know our town at all.-No, this is the first time Ihere.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming答案 B. Thisisthefirsttime后面所加从句应为现在完成时, 应选 B。(2) -Have youbeen to our town before.-No, its the first time Ihere.A.even,come B.even,havecome C.ever,come D.ever,have come答案 D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was thefirst time +that-clause的句型中,从句要用完成时。留意：非连续性动词的否定形式可以与表示连续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以连续的。（错） I have received his letter for a month.（对） I haven t received his letter for almost a month.12. 比较 since和 forSince用来说明动作起始时间, for用来说明动作连续时间长度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.My brother has been in the Youth League for two years. I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.留意：并非有 for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for more than twenty years. 我现在已不在这里工作。 I have worked here for many years. 现在我仍在这里工作。小窍门： 当现在完成时 +一段时间,这一结构中,我们用下面的公式转化,很简单就能排除非连续动词在完成时中的误使。1) 对 Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2) 错 Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.明显,其次句不对,它应改为Harry got married six years ago.或Harry has been married for six years.13. since的四种用法1) since +过去一个时间点 如详细的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结I have been here since 1989.2) since +一段时间 + agoI have been here since five months ago.3) since +从句Great changes have taken place since you left. Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.4) It is +一段时间 + since从句It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.被动语态的几种类型1）主语句中有一个宾语的被动语态,如： He saw her in the shop yesterday.She was seen in the shop yesterday.2主语有两个宾语的被动语态was given a chemistry book by Li Lei.A chemistry book was given to me by Li Lei.3）主动句中含宾语补足语的句子的被动语态如宾语补足语是不带to的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加"to"。此类动词为感官动词： feel,hear,help,listento,lookat,make,observe,see, notice, watchThe teacher made me go out of the classroom.-> I was made to go out of the classroom by the teacher.Li Lei gave me a chemistry book. I可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结We saw him play football on the playground.-> He was seen to play football on the playground.如宾语补足语是带 to的不定式,那么被动语态仍保留to: Mother told me not to be lateI was told not to be late by mother.5）情态动词 + be +过去分词,构成被动语态。Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.6）表示 " 据说" 或" 信任"的词组believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see, suppose, think, understandIt is said that据说It is reported thatIt is believed that据报道大家信任It is hoped that大家期望It is well known that众所周知It is thought that大家认为It is suggested that据建议It is taken granted that被视为当然It has been decided that大家打算 It mustbe remember that 务必记住的是It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.14. 连续动词与瞬时动词可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结1) 用于完成时的区分连续动词表示体会、经受。瞬时动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。 表结果 I ve known him since then.我从那时起就熟悉他了。 表经受 2) 用于 till / until从句的差异连续动词用于确定句,表示 " 做直到 " 瞬时动词用于否定句,表示 " 到,才"He didn t come back until ten oclock.他到 10点才回来。He slept until ten oclock. 他始终睡到 10 点。典型例题1. You don t need to describe her. Iher several times.A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet答案 B.第一此题后句强调对现在的影响, 我知道她的模样, 你不用描述。 再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。2.-I m sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh, not at all. Ihere only a few minutes.A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be答案 A.等待的动作由过去开头,连续到现在,应用现可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结.不定式作宾语1动词+不定式afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother carechoosecome daredemand desiredetermineexpectelectendeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offeroughtplanpreparepretendpromiserefuseseem tendwaitwish undertake举例：The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能准时观察另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your questi on.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2）动词 +不定式 。 动词+宾语+不定式ask,beg,choose,expect,hate,helpintendlike,love,need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wishI like to keep everything tidy.我喜爱每件东西都保持干净。I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜爱你年使每件东西都保持干净。I want to speak to Tom.我想和汤姆谈话。I want you to speak to Tom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结3） 动词+疑问词 + todecide,know,considerforget,learn,remember,show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tellPlease show us how to do that.请演示给我们如何去做。Thereareso many kindsoftape-recorderson salethatIcant make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定想法买 哪一种。留意: 疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。The question is how to put it into practice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。2. 不定式作补语1) 动词+宾语+不定式 to doadvise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid forceguesshireimagineimpelinduceinforminstructinvitejudge knowlikeorderpermitpersuaderemindreportrequestrequire select send state suppose tell think train trust understandurge warn例句：a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结b. We believe him to be guilty.我们信任他是有罪的。Find的特别用法：Find后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最终加带to的动词不定式。 find后也可带一个从句。此类动词仍有get , have 。I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.典型例题 :The next morning she found the manin bed, dead.A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying答案： A.find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。2) to + be的不定式结构,作补语的动词。Acknowledge, believe,consider,think, declare 声 称 , discover, fancy 设想 , feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see 懂得 , show, suppose, take以为 , understandWe considerTom tobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的同学之一。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结典型例题CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered thefirst可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结computer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented答案： A.由 consider to do sth.排除 B、D。.此句只说明创造这一个事实,不定式后用原形即可。 而 C 为现在完成时, 创造为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响,因此不选C。3 to be +形容词Seem,appear,besaid,besupposed,be believed,bethought,beknown,bereported,hope,wish,desire,want,plan,expect, meanThe book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。4 there be+不定式believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish, undrstandWe didnt expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。留意 ： 有些动词需用 as短语做补语,如 regard,thinkbelieve,take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Mary took him as her father .玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。.不定式作主语1） It s easy for me to do that.我做这事太简单了easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;thefirst,thenext,thelast,thebest,toomuch,toolittle, not enoughIt s so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真兴奋。It s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。2 Its very kind of you to help us.他帮忙我们,他真好。Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate考 虑 周 到 的 ,silly, selfish自私的 例句:It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢,竟然信任了他。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结留意： 1其他系动词如, look, appear等也可用于此句型2) 不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is to 的句型 对To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 错It is to believe to see.4. Its for sb.和 It s of sb.1） forsb.常用于表示事物的特点特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：It s very hard for him to study two languages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。2 ） of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如 good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。It s very nice of you to help me.你来帮忙我,你真是太好了。for与 of的辨别方法：用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。假如道理上通顺用 of ,不通就用 for。如：You are nice. 通顺,所以应用 of。He is hard. 人是困难的,不通,因此应用for。3) 祁使句（ Imperative Sentence）可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结祈使句往往是用来表示说话人的恳求、命令、要求、建议,等等。祈使句的主语常被省略,由于这个主语很明确的是听话人"you"。当然,有时为了强调或表示某种感情,句子也会带上主语。祈使句的谓语用动词原形。它的否定形式是句首用Don't +动词原形,或是Not to +动词原形。例如：Be quiet , please .（大家）请寂静。Stand up .起立！Don't smoke in the office .请不要在办公室吸烟。Don't be standing in the rain .别站在雨里。Not to be careless when you're driving a car .开车时不要马虎大意。4) 感叹句（ Exclamatory Sentence）感叹句表示说话人的欢乐、生气、惊奇等剧烈的心情。这类句子中,有许多是由 What 或 How 引起的。 What用来强调名词, How 就强调形容词、副词或动词。这类句子的构成只需将所强调或是说,所感叹的对象放到句首。句子无需倒装,句子要用正常语序。当然,假如不用这种句型,而句子（无论是那种句子）本身又表示了上述的种种心情,那么该句也就成了感叹句。例如：What a fine day it is today .今日天气多好啊！How fine it is today .今日天气多好啊！What a lovely son you have .你有个多可爱的儿子啊！How lovely your son is .你的儿子多可爱可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载