高中化学必修第四章知识点.docx

精品名师归纳总结高中化学必修 1第四章学问点（ High school chemistry 1 chapter4 knowledge points）The fourth chapterThe first section of siliconInnature, silicon isintheformofsilica and silicates, and there is no such thing as siliconThe properties of silicon dioxide: high melting point, large hardness and insoluble in water1. Silica is acidic oxide: can react with alkali or alkaline oxideSiO2 naoh + 2 = Na2SiO3 + H2OThe formation of sodium silicate is more viscous, so the glass reagent of the acid solution is not used for the glass, and the rubber plug is usedSiO2 + CaO = CaSiO3Hydrofluoric acid is the only acid that reacts with silicon dioxideSiO2 + 4HF = SiF4 arrow + H2OHydrofluoric acid can corrode the glass and can be used tosculpttheglass,whichcan'tbe used inglassreagentbottles,可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结but plastic bottles.Application of silica: fiber optics, silicon, glass, handicraft quartz, crystal, agateThe preparationofsilicicacid:Na2SiO3+ 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2SiO3Silicic acid is a white colloidal solid that is insoluble in water and is more acidic than carbonatedTo the sodium silicate solution, the carbon dioxide is formed in white silicateNa2 sio3 + CO2 + H2O = Na2CO3 + H2SiO3Silica gel can be desiccant after dehydrationThe aqueous solutionofsodium silicateiscalledwaterglass, which can be used as soap filler, wood fire retardant andadhesive.Note: the water glass i.e., sodium silicate solution is sensitive to the CO2 reaction in the air and produces H2SiO3. It should be sealed and preservedApplication of silicate: ceramic, glass and cementSimple silicon:properties:metallicblacksolidwithmetallic luster, high melting point, high hardness, stable at normal temperature可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Method:Normal temperature can react with alkali solution and HF Si + naoh + 2 H2O + 2 = = Na2SiO3 h2 writeSi plus 4HF = SiF4 + 2H2 USES:Semiconductor materials, photovoltaic computer chips, semiconductor transistors,Section ii the element of enrichment in seawater - chlorine1. The presence of chlorine: in nature chlorine exists mainly in sea water, mainly in Cl - form.2. Physical properties of chlorine gas: a gas with a pungent smell and poisonous yellow and green,It is soluble in water 1:2, low temperature and easy to liquefy when pressurized.3. Chemical properties of chlorine gas: A, chlorine gas and metal reactions2 Na + Cl2 = = 2 NaCl yellow flame, white smokeCu + Cl2 = = CuCl2 palm yellow smoke, a small amount of water可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结witha greensolution,such as a largeamount ofwaterinblue 2 Fe + 3 Cl2 = = 2 FeCl3 not generating FeCl2 brown smokeB, chlorine gas and nonmetallic reactionsH2 + Cl2 = = = 2HCl white fog explosion under light of Cl2 and H22 P + 3Cl2asmallamount = = 2 PCl3 whitefogwhitesmoke when chlorine and P are lit2 P + 5Cl2 lots = = 2 PCl5 white smokecombustion: the intense chemical reaction of any glowing heat is called combustion. Combustion does not have to be oxygen to participate. The nature of combustion is the REDOX reaction.C, chlorine and waterCl2 + H2O HCl + HClOCl2do bothoxidantand reducingagentHypochlorous acid HClO unary weak acid acid is weaker than carbonic acid, strong oxidation sterilization,disinfection, bleaching, unstable and easy to decompose. 2HClO = = 2HCl + O2New chlorine water composition particle : Cl2, H2O, HClO, H+, Cl -, ClO -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Chlorine water composition particle : H2O, H +, Cl -Dry chlorinegas isnotbleached,and theessence ofbleaching is HClO in chlorine water.D, the reaction with a base solutionCl2 + 2OH minus = = Cl - + ClO - + H2O using sodium hydroxide to absorb excess Cl2The ingredients of bleach, CaCl2 and Ca ClO 2The active ingredient of bleaching powder, Ca ClO 2Bleaching principle of bleaching powder: the process of producing hypochlorous acid by contact with CO2 in the air.E. Reaction of chlorine gas to other compounds strong oxidant :Reductive substances such as Fe2 +, Br -, I -, SO2, SO32 -. The substance can be oxidized by chlorine gas.2 fecl2 + Cl2 fecl3 = = 22 nabr + nacl + Br2 Cl2 = = 2 2 nai + Cl2 nacl + I2 = = 2 H2S + Cl2 = = S + 2 HCL可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Na2SO3 + H2O + nacl + - H2SO4 Cl2 = = 2F. Laboratory preparation of chlorine gas Section 3 oxides of sulfur and nitrogenSulfur:yellowpowder,insolubleinwater,solubleinalcohol, soluble in CS2.S and metalreactwithmetal sulfide suchas Cu2S, FeS, etc.SO2: colorless,pungentand pungent,noxiousgas,witha denser thanair,easy toliquefy,easy to dissolvein water,1 volume ofwaterdissolvedin40 volumes ofSO2. It'sthe acidanhydride of H2SO3.SO2 + H2O H2SO3 SO2 + Ca OH 2 = CaSO3 + H2OThe bleaching of SO2 makes the magenta color fade, thenon-oxidized reductionreaction,temporary,can onlymakethe purple litmus test liquid red,cannotmake itfade.SO2can be used to kill bacteria.The weak oxidation of SO2: SO2 + 2H2S = 3S + 2H2OStrong reducibility of SO2: SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O = H2SO4 + 2HBr discoloration of bromineSO2 + Cl2 + 2 h2o + 2 = - H2SO4 HCLSO2 with chlorine water into the colored solution such as可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结magenta - bleaching, or no bleaching5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O = K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4 not memoryknowingthatSO2can discolortheKMnO4solution,SO32 - with H +, KMnO4 - can't coexist in the solutionSO2 + O2 SO3SO2 test: apply SO2 to bromine, KMnO4 solution and magenta solution to see if it fades.Remove SO2 or HCl gas from CO2 and use saturated NaHCO3 solutionCheck for CO2 and SO2 in the mixture of gases: first throughmagenta -thenthroughKMnO4 -through magenta -and then pass through to clarify the lime water.SO2 only reacts with Ba NO3 2 solution and produces white precipitation. It doesn't react with BaCl2.3SO2 + 3Ba NO3 2 + 2H2O = 3BaSO4 + 4HNO3 + 2NO the equationdoes not have to be rememberedRedand brown pungent smellpoisonousgas,denser thanair,easy to liquefy, easy to dissolve in waterThe valence of N: -3, 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5N2O5isthe anhydrideofHNO3,and N2O3istheanhydrideofHNO2,可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结4 no2 + 2 h2o + O2 = 4 hno3 4 no O2 + 2 h2o + 3 = 4 hno3 The fourth sulfuric acid, nitric acid and ammoniaDilute sulfuric acid with acidity: with acid-base indicator and reactive metal reaction to generate H2, which reacts with metal oxide to form salt and water,The salt reaction produces another acid and salt the strong acid weak acid and neutralizes the baseStrong H2SO4 and HNO3 react with metal but not H2. Concentrated sulfuric acid:1 concentrated sulphuric acid is a colorless oil liquid.Sulfuric acid is a strong acid with high boiling point, whichiseasy todissolveinwaterand can be mixed withwateratany rate. Concentrated sulfuric acid will give off a lot of heatwhen dissolved in water.2. It can be used to dry H2, O2, N2, CO, CO2, CH4, SO2, HCl, Cl2, etc., which can not be used to dry NH3, H2S, HI and HBr.Strong oxidizing: metals and nonmetals that can be oxidized. 2H2SO4 thick + Cu = CuSO4 + 2 h2o + SO22H2SO4 thick + C = CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结how to test the gas produced, see the previous S sectionNitricacid:1 instability:easytodecompose 4HNO3= = 4NO2 arrow + 2H2O + O2 arrowStrong oxidation4HNO3 thick + Cu = = Cu NO3 2 + 2NO28HNO3 dilute + 3Cu = = 3Cu NO3 2 + 2NO upUnder normal temperaturecoldthickH2SO4orstrongHNO3will make the active metal passivate such as aluminum and iron,so theirontankcan be used totransportthickH2SO4orstrongHNO3.Ammonia:1. Physical properties:Ammonia is a colorless, pungent odor. Easily soluble in water 1:700, aqueous solution is called "ammonia water" Ammonia is easy to liquefy, "liquid ammonia", often made refrigerant.Chemical properties:(1) ammoniaisweakly alkaline,unstableand easy todecompose.NH3. H2O = = NH3 write + H2O*ammoniacan turn the phenolphthaleinredormake the wet red可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结litmus test paper blue.(2) reaction of ammonia and acid generating corresponding ammonium saltHCl + NH3 = NH4Cl H2SO4 + 2NH3 = NH4 2SO4 NH3 + HNO3 = NH4NO33 ammoniumsaltproperty:solubleinwater,easy todecompose, and ammonia with alkali reaction.Nh4 hco3 = NH3 arrow + H2O + CO2 arrow4 ammonia laboratory method: heating ammonium salt and alkali mixture2NH4Cl + Ca OH 2 = CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3 up可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载