考研英语基础班完型填空讲义全.doc

【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流考研英语基础班完型填空讲义全.精品文档.2011考研英语基础班写作网络课堂讲义欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材第一节课程完型填空的命题思路分析完型填空的命题形式完型填空的基本命题形式是给考生一篇短文（按照新大纲的规定在240-280字左右），出题者有目的地在每隔一定数量的词语后去除一处词语，形成总共20处词语空缺，然后在相应的空缺处设置（包括三个干扰项在内）的四个备选答案，需要考生从四选中选出一个最佳（the best）的答案。从命题形式分析命题思路: 从完型填空的命题形式来看，20个填空不是孤立存在的，而是处在一整篇文章的大背景之中的。从这个角度，完型文章实际上是由两部分信息构成： 基本解题思路: 通过已知“猜”未知已知信息（即20处填空之外的原文信息）未知信息（即20处填空）一篇完整的完型文章既然未知信息与已知信息整合在一起就组成了一篇完整的完型文章，这就说明未知信息与已知信息之间绝不是互相孤立存在的，而是有着各种各样、千丝万缕的关系，未知信息与已知信息之间存在着直接的紧密的互动关系。官方的命题思路: 大纲将完型填空的命题思路概述为：“完型填空主要测试考生结合上下文的综合理解能力和语言运用能力，即在阅读理解的基础上把握英语知识运用的能力”根据上述分析，我们可以把完型的基本命题思路概括为以下几点： 先对原文进行阅读 解题先对整体环境进行把握和理解 解决具体问题先对已知信息进行把握和理解 破解未知信息更进一步: 每一个未知信息点都处于整篇文章包含的庞大的已知信息体系之中，所以对于一个具体的填空来说，并不是整篇文章包含的所有已知信息都与其有关系，解出一个具体完型填空的关键是要找出与这个填空所有相关联的已知信息（线索）。完型解题的基本方法（理论）可以概括为：相关已知信息（提示线索）定位分析法 线索填字法通过定位、查找与每一个具体未知填空所有相关联的已知信息，通过对定位出来的这些相关联的已知信息点的分析总结从而在4个选项中定位出未知填空的答案总体解题理论 细化为具体的、可操作的解题方法“线索填字理论”下细化出的“完型的十二种具体解题方法”从词性的角度从题型的角度1、动词5、无关词排除法9、总分结构法2、形容词6、同现结构法10、对应成分分析法3、副词7、复现结构法11、时间、数字线索法4、名词8、关联结构法12、逻辑关系定位法相关已知信息点（提示线索）的分布规律与一个未知填空相关联的已知信息点一般分布在文章的三个层次：1、句子内部之中 每个具体的未知填空都是处于一个具体的句子之中，因此与这个未知填空相关联的已知信息往往处在这个句子之中，也就是说这个未知填空的附近左右：例题：2000年考研英语完型试题的44题“as a commodity which he must sell in order to 44 old agricultural implements .” (A) replace (B) purchase (C) supplement (D) dispose分析：44题受到3个相关已知信息点的限制，这3个相关已知信息点基本上分布在其所在的句子之中。第一，44题所要选的动词首先必须是“He”这个主语能够作出的动作（即主谓搭配）；第二，44题左面的相关已知信息“in order to”决定了这个动词的动作必须是“sell”的目的所在；第三，44题右边是另一个相关已知信息点：这个动词的宾语（动宾搭配）；也就是说所选的动词必须同时满足这三个信息点，才为正确答案。2、上下句之中 由于完型文章的上下文之间往往有着明显的逻辑关系，因此一些与这个未知填空相关联已知信息也会分布在该未知填空所在的句子的上下举之中： 例题：2000年考研英语完型试题的43题“When the work is well done, a 43 of accident-free operations is established”Aregulation Bclimate Ccircumstance Drequirement分析：与本题相关联的已知信息除了本题所在句子包含的信息外，还一定要看前边那一句，因为前后两句为主从举关系。从句When the work is well done 可以看出该句实际上划定了一个前提条件，即当安全工作做好的时候，后边的才能被建立起来；因此，Aregulation（规章）和Drequirement（要求）明显不正确，因为此两者的被建立不依赖前边的条件。选项Ccircumstance只有是复数时才能表示“环境”的意思。所以 Bclimate（气候、氛围）是最佳答案。3、整个意群、段落、文章的结构之中 除了看未知填空所在的句子、其所在句子的上下句之外，还有一些相关联已知信息需要从填空所处的整个意群、段落、文章的结构和文章的核心中心主线所包含的信息中去查找：例题：2002年考研英语完型试题的21题Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 21 . As was discussed before, it was not ( 22 ) the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic ( 23 ) , following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the ( 24 ) of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution ( 25 ) up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading ( 26 ) through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures ( 27 ) the 20th-century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that process in ( 28 ) . It is important to do so.Abetween Bbefore Csince Dlater分析：解除本题所考查的介词的关键是分析清楚文章的结构，把握文章的中心主线，从中定位找出本题的相关线索：文章结构分析 本文的结构是非常明了的总分对照结构，并且文章的头两句就是整个文章总述句：15、16世纪印刷述的推广20世纪电视的发展 Comparisons总述Yet much had happened 21 19世纪出现了（许多）信息产物 证明总述中的 much had happened：newspaper，pamphlet，book，periodical，transport，railway，telegraph, telephone, radio, motion pictures，motor car，air plane，computer，分述根据文章的上述对照结构，我们看出19世纪所代表的“much”发生在15、16世纪和20世纪这两个时间段的之间，因此本题的答案between。完型填空解题公理：这也就决定了考生在做完型题时最不应该犯的错误： 只见树木、不见森林： 鼠目寸光这也就决定了考生在做完型题时应该时刻记在心中的“解题公理”： 胸怀大局 瞻前顾后我们提出这个完型填空“解题公理”是基于完型填空的命题原理和规律，这种原理和规律要求我们解题必须予以尊重，我们可以举例说明：例题：1998年考研英语完型试题的41题：Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population. 41.A)admitted B)believed C)claimed D)predicted完型文章的布局和结构特点总体特点 主线控制全文的文章 完型文章一般都有明确的中心主线整个文章的中心主线包括鲜明的主题（FOUCS），同时文章往往又具有很强的导向性或者作者态度具有倾向性；这个主题以及这种导向性或倾向性其实就构成了完型文章的中心主线，成为从整体上把握完型文章的关键点。中心主线贯穿全文，即整篇文章就是围绕着中心主线展开。 完型文章往往采用总分对照结构从文章结构的角度来看，能够将文章的中心主线非常简洁地表达清晰的结构往往是总分对照的结构。所以，我们通过大量的总结个分析后发现考研英语的完型文章在文章结构上经常采用总分对照的形式，这就为我们迅速从整体上把握一篇完型文章提供了非常便利条件。总分对照结构是由总述部分和分述部分构成，总述是对分述的总结和概括，而分述是对总述的展开和祥述，两者之间有着明确的互相支持，互相印证的对照关系。* 分析2001年考研英语完型填空文章的布局和结构The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press. Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 33 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 34 and will strictly control the amount of 35 that can be given to a case 36 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee. Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 38 sufficient control.39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 40 of media protest when he said the 41 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 43 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 44 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 45 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families."Press freedoms will be in safe hands 46 our British judges," he said.Witness payments became an 47 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 48 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 49 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 50 guilty verdicts.32Atightening Bintensifying Cfocusing Dfastening34Aillogical Billegal Cimprobable Dimproper文章布局分析：此篇文章的中心主线相当明确，而且中心主线就在文章的首句 The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.（政府将要禁止报界向证人付钱以期买通那些卷入诸如罗丝玛丽审判等著名案件的证人）。此中心主线可以用下列图表表示出来：Press媒体Government政府 Ban Buy UpWitnesses证人Cases案件 Tell文章的主题（FOCUS）：探讨媒体向证人付钱的法律问题；文章的导向：政府对“媒体向证人付钱”持绝对的负态度；* 分析2000年考研英语完型填空文章的布局和结构 If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain 41 consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family 42 he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 43 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 44 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 45 the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation 46 and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 47 . He must either sell some of his property or 48 extra funds in form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 49 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 50 obtainable.文章布局分析：此篇文章的中心主线相当明确，而且开门见山，文章的首句 If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production.（如果一个农民想要成功的话，他必须在消费和生产之间保持一个大的差额） 使得整个文章的中心主线一目了然：推测出文章的基本导向：Consumption 小于 ProductionGapConsumptionProduction 条件To succeed本文的整体结构是明显的总-分对照结构总述：If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. (总述句使得文章开门见山, 直接概括出文章的中心主线: 农民想要成功, 生产 > 消费分述一: 从正面支持 生产 > 消费 He must store a large quantity of grain. He can continue to support himself and his family He must use this surplus in three ways He may also need money to construct irrigation and improve his farm in other ways分述分述二: 从反面支持 生产 > 消费 即: 总述: If no surplus is available, a farmer can not be self-sufficient 分述: sell some of his some of his properties loans borrow money at a low 49 of interest* 分析2003年考研英语完型填空文章的布局和结构Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious     21   to how they can be best 22 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and     23   , but not just in ways that emphasize competition.     24   they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the     25   that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are     26   by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be     27   to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers,     28   , publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews,     29   student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide     30   opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful     31   dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the     32   of some kind of organization with a supportive adult     33   visible in the background. In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have 34 attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized     35   participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to   36   else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 37  . this does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility.     38   they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by     39     for roles that are within their     40   and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules. 22. A. strengthen B. accommodate C. stimulate D. enhance 25. A. assistance B. guidance C. confidence D. tolerance 26. A. claimed B. admired C. ignored D. surpassed 27. A. improper B. risky C. fair D. wise * 分析2006年考研英语完型填空文章的布局和结构The homeless make up a growing percentage of America's population. _1_, homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can' t possibly _2_. To help homeless people _3_ independence, the federal government must support job training programs, _4_ the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing. _5_everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates _6_ anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. _7_ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is_8_. One of the federal government's studies _9_ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade. Finding ways to _10_ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. _11_when homeless individuals manage to find a _12_ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day_13_ the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, _14_not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday _15_ skills needed to turn their lives _16_. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are _17_programs that address the many needs of the homeless. _18_ Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, _19_it, "There has to be _20_of programs. What we need is a package deal."12Alodging Bshelter Cdwelling Dhouse13Asearching Bstrolling Ccrowding Dwandering15. Alife Bexistence Csurvival Dmaintenance完型文章布局和结构上这两个核心的特点也决定了完型文章往往表现出以下的文章外在规律： 紧扣主题 （无关词排除法） 内在一致 （同现结构） 前后呼应 （复现结构）完型填空科学的解题程序 三步法第一步：整体通读（PREVIEW） - 目标：掌握整篇文章的中心主线，即文章的主题（FOCUS）+ 文章的导向或者作者的态度倾向，通过整体通读建立起考生对文章的整体把握；第二步：具体解题 填空分类分析、应用十二种具体方法；第三步：核查检验（REVIEW）完型文章中常见的上下文（句）逻辑关系并列关系 & 部分常用标志词和短语and, and also, or, neithernor, eitheror, not onlybut also, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, sameas; 递进关系 & 部分常用标志词和短语also, then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more; indeed;因果关系 & 部分常用标志词和短语because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so.that, such.that, in order that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, lest, as a result, for this reason;转折关系 & 部分常用标志词和短语but, however, yet, contrarily, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately; 让步关系 & 部分常用标志词和短语although, though, even though, even if, even, nevertheless, despite, in spite of; regardless of;anyway, anyhow 列举（顺序）关系 & 部分常用标志词和短语firstsecondlast of all, in the first placein the second placefinally, to begin with to continue, firstthen, on one handon the other hand, for one thingfor another, oneanother, someothersstill others; 对比关系 & 部分常用标志词和短语while, whereas, as, / rather than, instead of, not. but;时间关系 & 部分常用标志词和短语when, whenever, before, after, since, as, while, until, till, simultaneously, meanwhile, in the meantime, at the same time;条件关系 & 部分常用标志词和短语if, only if, if only, unless, otherwise, as soon as, as long as, in case, suppose that, supposing that, provided that, providing that, when, whenever, with;举例关系 & 部分常用标志词和短语such as, for example, for instance, of (these, those, them), among (these, those, them), to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely;第二节课程对完型的整体概括方法体系 + 两个基础语法 完型的两个核心基础词汇宏观分析方法一个主线一个结构微观解题方法一个理论十二种方法* 完型的语法基础（语法的复习参考范围）各种从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、状语从句、定语从句、同位语从句）主谓一致虚拟语气倒装结构比较结构分词结构（包括独立主格结构）强调句型* 完型的词汇基础（词汇的复习参考范围）完型不靠偏词、难词：选项词汇在大纲规定的5500个词范围内完型选项考查的高频词汇范围：1500-1600 个左右的核心词汇完型对词汇的考察方向 “深度”完型词汇副词中常犯的错误：只知其一、不知其它举例：Gay，Expose只知大概、不知具体 近义词举例：ensure, assure, guarantee只知认词，不知辨词 近型词举例：adapt, adopt, adept只知词义，不知使用1994年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题完型填空分析Part Cloze Test The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of wo