考研英语真题及答案1994全集.doc

【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流考研英语真题及答案19942013年全集.精品文档.2013年研究生入学考试英语一试题Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorized that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was 11 . He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicants score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her. Dr. Simonsoho found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 . 1. A grants Bsubmits Ctransmits Ddelivers 2. A minor Bobjective Ccrucial D external3. A issue Bvision Cpicture Dexternal 4. A For example B On average CIn principle DAbove all 5. A fond B fearful Ccapable D thoughtless6. A in B on C to D for7. A if B until C though D unless8. A promote B emphasize C share Dsuccess9. A decision B quality C status D success10. A chosenB studied C found D identified11. A exceptional B defensibleC replaceable D otherwise12. A inspired B expressed C conducted D secured13. A assigned B rated C matched D arranged14. A put B got C gave D took15. A instead B then C ever D rather16. A selected B passed C marked D introduced17. A before B after C above D below18. A jump B float C drop D fluctuate19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A promising B possible C necessary D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesnt affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistants sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment. This top-down conception of the fashion business couldnt be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Clines three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable meant to last only a wash or two, although they dont advertise that and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace. The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals. Overdressed is the fashion worlds answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollans The Omnivores Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year about 64 items per person and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste. Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example cant be knocked off. Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they cant afford not to. 21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for herA poor bargaining skill. B insensitivity to fashion. C obsession with high fashion. D lack of imagination. 22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers toA combat unnecessary waste. B shut out the feverish fashion world. C resist the influence of advertisements. D shop for their garments more frequently. 23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning toA accusation. B enthusiasm. C indifference. D tolerance. 24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?A Vanity has more often been found in idealists. B The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability. C People are more interested in unaffordable garments. D Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing. 25. What is the subject of the text?A Satire on an extravagant lifestyle. B Challenge to a high-fashion myth. C Criticism of the fast-fashion industry. D Exposure of a mass-market secret. Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy. In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information. Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT; Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests. On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default. Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, one of the groups in the DAA, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They'll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsofts default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway. Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioral” ads help advertisers to_.A ease competition among themselvesB lower their operational costsC avoid complaints from consumersD provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6, Para. 3) refers to:A online advertisersB e-commerce conductorsC digital information analysisD internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default_.A may cut the number of junk adsB fails to affect the ad industryC will not benefit consumersD goes against human nature29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?A DNT may not serve its intended purposeB Advertisers are willing to implement DNTC DNT is losing its popularity among consumersD Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of_.A indulgenceB understandingC appreciationD skepticismText 3Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to. But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of yearsso why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years (see "100,000 AD: Living in the deep future”). Look up Homo sapiens in the IUCN's "Red List" of threatened species, and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation, based in San Francisco, has created a forum where thinkers and scientists are invited to project the implications of their ideas over very long timescales. Its flagship project is a mechanical clock, buried deep inside a mountain in Texas, that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence. Then there are scientists who are giving serious consideration to the idea that we should recognize a new geological era: the Anthropocene. They, too, are pulling the camera right back and asking what humanity's impact will be on the planetin the context of stratigraphic time. Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future. But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves. This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy: while our species may flourish, a great many individuals may not. But we are now knowledgeable enough to mitigate many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. Thinking about our place in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us today, and to make a future worth living in. 31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by_.A our desire for areas of fulfillmentB our faith in science and techC our awareness of potential risksD our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN “Red List” suggest that human beings are_. A a sustained speciesB the words dominant powerC a threat to the environmentD a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?A Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies. B Technology offers solutions to social problem. C The interest in science fiction is on the rise. D Our immediate future is hard to conceive. 34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to_. A explore our planets abundant resources. B adopt an optimistic view of the world. C draw on our experience from the past. D curb our ambition to reshape history. 35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Uncertainty about Our FutureB Evolution of the Human SpeciesC The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind. D Science, Technology and Humanity. Text 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizonas immigration law Mondaya modest