英语歧义的语用研究英语9567705.doc

【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流.精品文档.英语歧义的语用研究英语 9567705【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流.精品文档.XXXX 大学本科毕业论文（设计）任务书编号：论文（设计）题目：英语歧义的语用研究学院：XXX 学院专业： 英语翻译班级：XXXX 机器翻译班学生姓名： XXX学号： XXXXX指导教师： XXX职称：副教授1、论文（设计）研究目标及主要任务本论文的研究目标是从语用学的角度探讨英语歧义的形成原因及其在交际中的应用。其主要任务是通过分析英语歧义的形成原因指导其在交际中的运用。2、论文（设计）的主要内容本论文分为三章，第一章从合作原则和会话准则的角度分析英语歧义的产生原因，第二章从言语行为理论的角度分析英语歧义的产生原因，最后一章讨论了英语歧义的应用。3、论文（设计）的基础条件及研究路线本论文的基础条件是不同的语言学家对语用歧义的研究结果。研究路线是对英语歧义的产生原因从不同的因素角度进行详细的阐述， 并将其分别应用在日常生活交际中。4、主要参考文献Hu, Zhuanglin.2006. Linguistics: A Course Book (3rd edition). Beijing: Peking University Press.J. L. Austin. How to Do Things with Words. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and ResearchPress, 2002.Leech, G. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. New York: Longman Inc.何兆熊， 新编语用学概要. 上海:上海外语外语教育出版社, 2000.邱述德， 英语歧义. 北京:商务印书馆, 1998.5、计划进度阶段起止日期1确定初步论文题目3 月 16 日前2与导师见面，确定大致范围，填开题报告和任务书，导师签字3 月 16 日-3 月 23 日3提交论文提纲3 月 23 日-3 月 30 日4交初稿和文献综述3 月 30 日-4 月 20 日5交终稿和评议书5 月 8 号前指 导 教师：年月日教研室主任：年月日注：一式三份，学院（系） 、指导教师、学生各一份XXXX 大学本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告书XXX学院英语机器翻译专业 XXX届学生姓名XXX论文（设计）题目英语歧义的语用研究指导教师XXX专业职称XXX所属教研室英 语基 础教研室研究方向语言学【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流.精品文档.课题论证：从合作原则和会话准则，以及言语行为理论两方面论证英语语用歧义的形成原因及其在交际中的应用。方案设计：第一章从合作原则和会话准则的角度分析英语歧义的产生原因，第二章从言语行为理论的角度分析英语歧义的产生原因，第三章探讨英语歧义的应用。进度计划：3 月 16 日前确定初步论文题目3 月 23 日前写开题报告、任务书3 月 30 日前提交论文提纲4 月 20 日前提交初稿和文献综述5 月 8 日前提交终稿和评议书指导教师意见：指导教师签名：年月日教研室意见：教研室主任签名：年月日XXXX 大学本科生毕业论文（设计）评议书姓名XXX学院XXX 学院专业机器翻译年级 （班）XXX 英语机器翻译班论 文 题 目英语歧义的语用研究完成时间2013/5/8【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流.精品文档.论文内容摘要歧义是语言使用中经常出现的现象，包括语音歧义，词汇歧义，语法歧义等。近年来，对歧义的研究不断深入，除了语言平面的静态研究，也开始了对歧义的动态研究，即在语用学范围内对歧义进行研究。语用歧义指说话人在特定语境或上下文中使用不确定的、模糊的或间接的话语向听话人同时表达数种言外行为或言外之力的现象。目前，此类研究仍需进一步深入，本文主要从语用学的角度运用合作原则、会话准则和言语行为理论对歧义现象加以分析，对语用歧义的产生原因进行了归纳。语用歧义通常会给交流带来不便，但如果使用得当，巧妙利用语用歧义，则可以在交际中发挥奇特的作用，例如表达言外之意，产生幽默效果，避免冲突等。本文将原理和大量例句相结合，从语用学的角度对歧义的产生原因及其应用进行了详细的分析。指导教师评语年月日指 导 教 师职称初评成绩答辩小组姓名职称教研室组长成员【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流.精品文档.答辩记录：记录人签字：年月日答辩小组意见：组长签字：年月日学院意见：评定成绩：签章年月日XXXX 大学本科生毕业论文（设计）文献综述【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流.精品文档.Literature ReviewThe study of pragmatic ambiguity has a long history. Ambiguity is a phenomenon that oftenappears in language use. Ambiguity includes phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, andgrammatical ambiguity. In recent years, the research of ambiguity goes deeper and deeper, besidesthe static study in linguistic level, the dynamic study has also begun, and that is pragmatic study ofambiguity. Pragmatic ambiguity refers to the phenomenon that speakers use unsure, ambiguous orindirect utterance to express several illocutionary acts or illocutionary forces to hearers in a specificcontext or text. At present, this field needs further research. Pragmatic ambiguity arises when thestatement is not specific, and the context does not provide enough information needed to clarify thestatement (Walton 1996). Information is missing, and must be inferred.All languages depend on words and sentences in constructing meaning. However, one of thefundamental facts about words and sentences is that many of them in our languages have more thanone meaning. Linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt said in 18th century that language is infinite use offinite means and it is a creative activity (Robin, 1987). So ambiguity may occur when an utterancecan be understood in two or more distinct senses. Kess and Hoppe even say in Ambiguity inPsycholinguistics, “upon careful consideration, one cannot but be amazed at the ubiquity inlanguage.” English, as a language has no exception to it. Since Ambiguity is not a new topic, a lotof researches have been made in this field. In the west, ambiguity can be traces back to the sophismof ancient Greek philosophy. However, previous researches are mainly concerned with phonologicalambiguity, lexical ambiguity and grammatical ambiguity. But the word pragmatics was first putforward in 1930s by Charles Morris and the category of pragmatic ambiguity was not explored untilthe 1970s. So researches on pragmatic ambiguity are still insufficiently thorough, for example, itsdefinition, characteristics, category, functions and understanding still need further study. Basedupon the previous researches, I will further explore the forming factors of pragmatic ambiguity andtalk about its applications.The notion of meaning is a very important idea in the field of semantics. G. Leech recognizesseven kinds of meaning in his booksemantics, which was first published in 1974. Leech (1981)put forwards three kinds of meanings according to Hallidays systemic-functional perspective:【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流.精品文档.conceptual meaning, associative meaning and thematic meaning. The associative meaning includesconnotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning and collocativemeaning.In the study of pragmatics, meaning and context are its two basic concepts. The meaning inpragmatics refers to the specific meaning in actual use in a particular context. Context is theenvironment in which speech communication takes place, which consists of a series of subjectiveand objective elements closely related to language communication. Elements of context include theutterance itself, the behavior environment and situation where speech act happens, common senseand the relationship between communication participants.The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by an Oxford philosopher Herbert PaulGrice. In real communication, the intention of the speaker is often not the literal meaning of what hesays; the real intention implied in the words is called conversational impicature. Conversationalimplicature is a kind of implied meaning, which is deduced based on the conventional meaning ofwords as well as context, under the guidance of the Cooperative Principle and its maxims. From thisperspective, implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory because they areboth related to the contextual side of meaning. The difference between these two theories is thatthey offer different mechanisms to explain the generation of contextual meaning. At the end ofGrices “Logic and Convention”, he mentioned a variety of characteristics of implicature. (1)Calculability (2) Cancellability (3) Non-detachability (4) Non-conventionality. Grice also proposedthe Cooperative Principle: Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage atwhich it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you areengaged. To specify the Cooperative Principle further, Grice introduced four categories of maximsas follows: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim ofmanner.Oxford philosopher John Langshaw Austin published his Speech Act theory in How to doThings with Words. According to Austen, there are three senses in which saying something may beunderstood as doing something. They are the locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionaryact. The locutionary act is what linguists have been studying all along. The perlocutionary actinvolves many psychological and social factors, so it is difficult to study. So Speech Act theory is infact a theory of the illocutionary act.【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流.精品文档.Ambiguity sometimes causes misunderstandings, which are obstacles in communication. A lotof linguists think that ambiguity is negative, should be avoided. Contemporary American linguist H.P. Grice in his Cooperative Principle mentions avoiding ambiguity. But ambiguity is an internalphenomenon of language itself, and in the contexts or communicative situations, most of theambiguity phenomenon will be eliminated automatically (Kooij, 1974:4). Therefore, if ambiguity isproperly made use of, it not only wont produce misunderstandings, but also can achieve a certainrhetorical effects and pragmatic purposes.This thesis analyzes the phenomenon of ambiguity from the pragmatic perspective under theguidance of cooperative principle; conversational implicature and speech act theory and gives ageneralization of different forming factors of pragmatic ambiguity. Pragmatic ambiguity oftenbrings inconvenience to communication, but if it is properly used, it will have special effects, suchas leading to special overtones, producing humor, avoiding conflicts and so on. Combiningprinciples with a lot of examples, the thesis will give a detailed analysis of the forming factors andapplications of ambiguity in terms of pragmatics.【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流.精品文档.本科生毕业论文册【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流.精品文档.题目英语歧义的语用分析学院XXX 学院专业英语机器翻译专业班级XXX 机器翻译班学生XXX指导教师XXX完成日期XXX年5月8日【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流.精品文档.Pragmatic Analysis of Ambiguity in EnglishBYXXXXProf. Fu Xiaoli, TutorAThesis Submitted to Department of EnglishLanguage and Literature in PartialFulfillment of theRequirements for the Degree of B.A. in EnglishAt XXXX UniversityMay 8th,XXX【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流.精品文档.AbstractAmbiguity is a phenomenon that often appears in language use. Ambiguityincludes phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, grammatical ambiguity and so on.In recent years, the research of ambiguity goes deeper and deeper, besides the staticstudy in linguistic level, the dynamic study has also begun, and that is pragmatic studyof ambiguity. Pragmatic ambiguity refers to the phenomenon that speakers use unsure,ambiguous or indirect utterance to express several illocutionary acts or illocutionaryforces to hearers in a specific context or text. At present, this field needs furtherresearch. This thesis analyzes the phenomenon of ambiguity from the pragmaticperspective under the guidance of cooperative principle, conversational implicatureand speech act theory and gives a generalization of different forming factors ofpragmaticambiguity.Pragmaticambiguityoftenbringsinconveniencetocommunication, but if it is properly used, it will have special effects, such as leadingto special overtones, producing humor, avoiding conflicts and so on. Combiningprinciples with a lot of examples, the thesis will give a detailed analysis of theforming factors and applications of ambiguity in terms of pragmatics.Key wordspragmatic ambiguityforming factorsapplications【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流.精品文档.摘要摘要歧义是语言使用中经常出现的现象， 包括语音歧义， 词汇歧义， 语法歧义等。近年来，对歧义的研究不断深入，除了语言平面的静态研究，也开始了对歧义的动态研究，即在语用学范围内对歧义进行研究。语用歧义指说话人在特定语境或上下文中使用不确定的、 模糊的或间接的话语向听话人同时表达数种言外行为或言外之力的现象。目前，此类研究仍需进一步深入，本文主要从语用学的角度运用合作原则、会话准则和言语行为理论对歧义现象加以分析，对语用歧义的产生原因进行了归纳。语用歧义通常会给交流带来不便，但如果使用得当，巧妙利用语用歧义， 则可以在交际中发挥奇特的作用， 例如表达言外之意， 产生幽默效果，避免冲突等。本文将原理和大量例句相结合，从语用学的角度对歧义的产生原因及其应用进行了详细的分析。关键词关键词语用歧义产生原因应用【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流.精品文档.Table of ContentsChapter 1Introduction.7Chapter 2Literature Review. 错误！未定义书签。错误！未定义书签。Chapter 3Cooperative Principle and Grices Conversation Maxims.133.1Essential concepts.133.1.1Meaning. 133.1.2Context.153.2Theoretical contribution.163.2.1The Conversational Implicature. 163.2.2Cooperative Principle and Grices Conversation Maxims.173.3Implicature ambiguity.18Chapter 4Speech Act Theory.194.1Introduction.194.2Speech Act Theory.204.3Speech act ambiguity.214.4Summary.24Chapter 5Applications of Pragmatic Ambiguity.245.1Introduction.245.2To lead to special overtones.245.3To avoid conflicts.255.4To produce humor.26【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流.精品文档.5.5Summary.28Chapter 6Conclusion.28References.28【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流.精品文档.Chapter 1IntroductionAmbiguity may occur when an utterance can be understood in two or more distinct senses. Ambiguity is an intrinsic phenomenon in English language. There are several types of ambiguity, suchas phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity and grammatical ambiguity. In recent years, theresearch of ambiguity goes deeper and deeper, besides the static study in linguistic level, thedynamic study has also begun, and that is pragmatic study of ambiguity. And the focus of this paperis to present the pragmatic analysis of ambiguity with the concepts of meaning and context, as wellas the theories of the Conversational Implicature, the Cooperative Principle, Grices ConversationMaxims and Speech Act Theory.Ambiguity often appears in our conversation, in the speech or evenin the writing. Pragmatic ambiguity refers to the phenomenon that speakers use unsure, ambiguousor indirect utterance to express several illocutionary acts or illocutionary forces to hearers in aspecific context or text.Pragmatic ambiguity arises when the statement is not specific, and the context does notprovide enough information needed to clarify the statement (Walton 1996). Information is missing,and must be inferred. An example of pragmatic ambiguity is the story of King Croesus and theOracle of Delphi (adapted from Copi and Cohen 1990):“King Croesus consulted the Oracle of Delphi before warring with Cyrus of Persia.TheOracle replied that, if Croesus went to war with Cyrus, he would destroy a mightykingdom.Delighted,CroesusattackedPersia,andCroesus armyandkingdomwerecrushed. Croesus complained bitterly to the Oracles priests, who replied that the Oracle had beenentirely right. By going to war with Persia, Croesus had destroyed a mighty kingdom his own.”The information necessary to clearly understand the message is omitted.Due to the need toinfer the missing information, pragmatically ambiguous statements have multiple possibleinterpretations (Walton 1996). Croesus interpreted the Oracles statement as indicating his successin battle the response he desired.As noted by Hamblin (1970), Croesus logical response to theoracular reply would have been to immediately ask the Oracle, Which kingdom?Furtherinformation is needed to resolve pragmatic ambiguity.In the case of an information request, pragmatic ambiguity exists in the request for “A report of【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流.精品文档.all the clients for a department.” The ambiguity is that the request does not refer to a specificdepartment.The end user could legitimately prepare a report for any department.Furtherinformation is needed to resolve this actual ambiguity in this case.Pragmatic ambiguities are born when the communication happens between two agents who donot share the same context. We imagine receiving a telephone call from a friend far away, evenliving in a different continent:“I will arrive to the airport at 12 oclock.”In this case, speaker and listener, because of different jet lags, do not share the same contextand probably one of them will wait in the airport for various hours. Im going to show one moreexample. Suppose someone tells us:“Outside is very warm.”The information that we can learn from this phrase is complete only if we know who haspronounced it and his concept of “warmth”. An Eskimo, as an example, pronouncing a phrase of thesort could let us know that outside it is 3 or 4 degrees! This means it is important the hearer knowsor could suppose as much as possible about the speaker and his knowledge (say world model).There are several types of pragmatic ambiguity in terms of their different forming factors, suchas discourse ambiguity, implicature ambiguity and speech act ambiguity. No matter what theforming factor is, ambiguity lies in the difference of meaning. Speech communication takes place