2014年北京科技大学单独考试英语考研真题.doc

2014年北京科技大学单独考试英语考研真题北 京 科 技 大 学2014年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题=试题编号： 240 试题名称： 单独考试英语 适用专业： 单独考试各专业 说明： 所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。=Part I: Vocabulary (20 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Section ADirections: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. 1. If you your demand, then maybe you will have more chance of getting what you want. A. lessenB. moderateC. dismissD. overcome 2. The professor's argument was reasonable, but the audience did not agree with his conclusion. A. suspiciouslyB. seeminglyC. criticallyD. theoretically 3. I suppose I'll have to look for a job； I'll either have to find a rich wife or starve. AotherwiseB. that's whyC. elseD. on the other hand 4. Many photographers prefer to take pictures when they can take advantage of the special effects of the setting sun. Aat twilightB. at noonC. in the morningD. in the fall 5. The finance question must be answered with in order to relieve the investors' fears of fraud. AaccuracyB. exactnessC. precisionD. correction 6. The survival of some wild animals is not very high as they are ruthlessly hunted for their skins. AratioB. proportionC. rateD. scale 7. So far as he could，John had always tried to the example he saw in Lincoln. Alive up toB. set forthC. call forD. cut out 8. The students gradually a knowledge of the subject. AacquiredB. attainedC. achievedD. obtained 9. He didn't openly attack the plan, but his opposition was in his failure to say anything in support of it. A. explicit B. implicitC. decisiveD. obvious 10. The newly-built bridge that the river is convenient to the people living in this area. AtraversesB. spansC. protectsD. overlooks Section B Directions: In this section, there are ten sentences with one word or phrase underlined each. Choose one of the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word. 11. She didn't openly attack the plan，but her opposition was implicit in her failure to say anything in support of it. AexplicitB. obviousC. decisiveD. underlying 12. When he was very young，he was afflicted with paralysis. AtroubledB. botheredC. influencedD. stricken 13. She was still writing away furiously when the bell went. AcontinuallyB. hardC. easilyD. continuously 14. A good dictionary is indispensable for learning English. A. indifferent B. indivisible C. essentialD. elective 15. The severe earthquake damaged buildings as well as public or personal property in them. AmaterialsB. substancesC. possessionsD. qualities 16. At first I wasn't able to identify my brother in the crowd as he had changed so much since his departure. Amake upB. make outC. make forD. make in 17. Some people persist in the practice of some very old customs or traditions just because they enjoy doing so. AendureB. supportC. stick toD. continue in 18. The teacher told stories about Washington and Lincoln in respect to the importance of being honest. Ain connection withB. in case of Calong withD. together with 19. Being infamous for his dishonesty in business matters，the man had few friends. AfreshB. immediateC. notoriousD. famous 20. He was very careful in whatever he did lest something unfavourable might be written into his record. Aif onlyB. for fear thatC. unlessD. otherwise Part II Cloze Test (20 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given below. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory. The meanings of thousands of everyday perceptions, the bases _21_ the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skills are to be _22_ in our past experience, which are brought into the present _23_ memory.Memory can be defined as the capacity to keep _24_ available for later use. It includes not only "remembering" things like arithmetic or historical facts, but also any change in the way an animal typically behaves. Memory is _25_ when a rat gives up eating grain because he has sniffed something suspicious in the grain pile. Memory is also involved when a six-year-ole child learns to swing a baseball bat.Memory _26_ not only in humans and animals but also in some physical objects and machines. Computers, for example, contain devices for storing data for later use. It is interesting to compare the memory-storage capacity of a computer _27_ that of a human being. The instant-access memory of a large computer may hold up to 100 000 "words"-ready for _28_ use. An average American teenager probably recognizes the meanings of about 100 000 words of English. However, this is but a fraction of the total _29_ of information which the teenager has stored. Consider, for example, the number of facts and places that the teenager can recognize on sight. The use of words is the basis of the advanced problem-solving intelligence of human beings. A large part of a person's memory is in terms of words and _30_ of words. 21. A. ofB. to C. forD. on22. A. keepB. foundC. soughtD. stored23. A. byB. fromC. withD. in24. A. experiencesB. basesC. observationsD. information25. A. calledB. takenC. involved D. included26. A. existsB. appearsC. affectsD. seems27. A. toB. withC. againstD. for28. A. progressiveB. instructiveC. instantD. protective29. A. dealB. numberC. mountD. amount30. A. combinationsB. connectionsC. co-ordinationsD. collectionsPart III Reading Comprehension (60 minutes, 40 points)Section A (30 points, 1.5 points each) Directions: In this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers. Choose the one you think is the best answer and mark your choice on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneQuestions 31-35 are based on the following passage:All along the chain of biological evolution, the extinction of species appears to have been a stage in the process of adapting genetic lineages to changing environmental conditions. Although some catastrophic extinction occurred naturally, producing total loss of a genetic line, such catastrophes were comparatively rare. In modern times, however, human activities have altered the fundamental nature of this process, resulting in nearly total genetic losses.It is not difficult to gain general agreement that man-induced increases in the endangerment and extinction of wildlife-whether due to habitat alteration or loss, pollution, insufficiently regulated hunting, or other factors -are undesirable. It is, however, more difficult to obtain consensus when consideration is given to the economic costs of correcting such trends, including natural habitat preservation, regulation of pesticides and other toxic substances, and wildlife and park management. Endangered species often are, in effect, competitors with humans for habitat and other resources which also provide other kinds of human uses and needs.Measures needed to protect endangered species vary considerably in difficulty and cost. Of the approximately 400 invertebrate species which at present appear to be threatened, for example, about one-third could probably be restored by such inexpensive means as modifying the boundaries of designated natural areas, acquiring and protecting caves and other small areas which contain the particular species, and additional management of parks and refuges.Another one-third of the endangered lower animal species are threatened principally by water pollution and could be protected by improved control, particularly of five southern rivers.The remaining one-third of the 400 endangered shellfish species would be considerably more difficult to protect. These are threatened by complex factors, such as overcorrecting, channelization, highway and housing development, dams, introduced species such as the Asian snail, dredging, quarry washing, poor erosion control, and lowering of water tables.The identification of threatened species and other significant wildlife trends must precede any corrective measures, and our knowledge base for making such identification is deficient in many respects. Our present lists of threatened species and subspecies are known to be incomplete, except in those geographical areas which contain habitats of species that have important commercial or sports harvest value.31. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing _.A. the catastrophes in history which caused the extinction of total speciesB. the ways to protect endangered speciesC. the characteristics of threatened speciesD. the significance of protecting threatened species32. What's the author's attitude toward the view that it is catastrophes that result in the total genetic losses?A. Positive.B. Negative.C. Neutral.D. Enthusiastic.33. With which if the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. People haven't realized the impact of human activities on the extinction of wildlife.B. It is difficult for people to agree to protect endangered species at considerable economic cost.C. Endangered species can provide human beings with a variety of useful resources.D. Similar measures can be taken to protect various endangered species.34. The author mentions all of the following as threats to shellfish species except _.A. highway and housing developmentB. poor erosion controlC. overpopulation of shellfishD. lowering of water tables35. Given the information in the passage, which of the following is not true of wildlife protection?A. The identification of threatened species should come before correction.B. We have gained sufficient knowledge for making identification of endangered species.C. Our present lists of threatened species are incomplete.D. Some geographical areas contain habitats of species that have important commercial value.Passage TwoQuestions 36-40 are based on the following passage:Researchers have learned to mix optimism with caution, and some of their results are demonstrating definite promise. When Matthew During and Michael Kaplitt first went hunting for capital to commercialize their research in gene therapy, their timing couldn't have been worse. It was the fall of 1999, just after teenager Jesse Gelsinger died in a clinical trial of gene therapy - the use of genes to deliver medicines to diseased cells. Together, During and Kaplitt were able to scrape up an initial $2.5 million. "Maybe we were arrogant to think we could start something at that time," Kaplitt concedes. Today, the two physician founders of Neurologix, in Fort Lee, N.J., are feeling much more upbeat. They're searching for $10 million to fund a pivotal trial in Parkinson's disease, and they expect to find it. Others are also prospecting in the once-neglected field of gene therapy. On Nov. 7, Colgate-Palmolive invested $20 million in Austin-based Introgen Therapeutics, which is pursuing novel remedies for oral cancer.And the Michael J. Fox Foundation is about to award its first-ever grant for gene therapy research. The $750,000 will go to San Diego-based Ceregene, which, like Neurologix, is zeroing in on a treatment for Parkinson's, the disease that afflicts actor Fox. Ceregene also raised $32 million in venture capital last year.Recent success stories in clinics and labs add to the sense that gene therapy is moving back into the mainstream. China has been quietly approving such treatments. And on Nov. 22, Genzyme (GENZ), in Cambridge, Mass., announced it will spend $3.2 million to acquire a manufacturing facility that will make several gene therapy treatments, including one aimed at a common condition among the elderly called peripheral arterial disease. "We've been in gene therapy a long time, and we've seen the ups and downs," says Richard Gregory, Genzyme's senior vice-president of research. "But we're optimistic."36. What were things like when Matthew During and Michael first raise money for their study of gene therapy? A. They were very lucky.B. They were very confident.C. A teenager died in a lab experiment of gene therapy.D. People's confidence in gene therapy was unreasonably high.37. The word "upbeat" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _. A. proudB. optimisticC. anxiousD. serious38. All the following diseases are mentioned in the passage except _. A. Down's syndromeB. Parkinson's disease C. oral cancer D. peripheral arterial disease39. What do we know about the research of gene therapy? A. In the 20th century, gene therapy was suspected and neglected.B. Gene therapy becomes the prevailing method of treating patients now.C. San Diego-based Ceregene has achieved nothing in gene therapy research so far.D. The successes of gene therapy in clinics and labs restore people's confidence in gene therapy.40. What is the author's attitude towards gene therapy? A. optimistic B. pessimisticC. indifferentD. neutralPassage ThreeQuestions 41-45 are based on the following passage:We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it.Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity and standards of achievement must regularly test its pupils. The standards may be changed-no examination is perfect-but to have no external tests or examinations would mean the end of equality and of standards. There are groups of people who oppose this view and who do not believe either in external examinations or in any controls in schools or on teachers. This would mean that everything would depend on luck since every pupil would depend on the efficiency, the ideals and the purpose of each teacher.Without external examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools a