有源电力滤波器APF.doc

【精品文档】如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流有源电力滤波器APF.精品文档.谐波滤除器Harmonic filter谐波和无功的产生和危害Occurrence and harm of harmonics and reactive power现代工业和家电业的技术发展，使得电力电子设备被广泛使用，电力电子设备中大量使用了半导体开关器件， 这些器件只允许电流在整个周期的某一部分导通，从而使用户端电网侧电流不连续，造成电流波形的失真。另外对于三相四线制系统，如果三相负荷不平衡，会造成三相电流的不对称。Nowadays the power and electronic equipment are widely used, these equipments adopted many semi-conductive components, which allow some section of a full current wave only, and result in discontinuous current, namely current distortion. Also for the 3-phase 4-wire system, if the three-phase load is unbalanced, it will lead to asymmetrical current.根据傅里叶 (Fourier) 定理，任何周期函数可以分解为一个直流量和一系列正弦量 (频率为原始周期函数频率的整数倍) 的和，频率等于是原始周期函数的正弦量称为基波，频率等于基波频率“n”倍的正弦量波形称为“n”次谐波。可见纯正弦化的电流波形不含谐波电流成分，而前述的失真的电流波形则含有谐波电流成分。According to Fourier theorem, any periodical function can be decomposed as DC content and the sum of series of sinusoidal contents (its freq is integer multiple of original periodical function), the sinusoidal wave with freq same as original periodical function is basic wave, “n” times of the freq of basic wave is N power harmonic, consequently pure sinusoidal current wave does not contain harmonics, distorted current has harmonic contents.下图为典型变频器的输入侧电流波形及傅里The following figure is a typical case current wave of input side in inverter and Fourier未滤波的线电源%基波值Basic wave value of unfiltered line power source未滤波的线电源Unfiltered line power source一般通过波形的“总谐波畸变率简称THD) ”来定义波形的失真程度和谐波含量：Generally total harmonic distortion rate (abbreviation: THD) is defined as distortion degree and harmonic contents.其中U1为基波的有效值，Un为“n”次谐波的有效值。U1 is the effective value of basic wave, Un is the effective value of “n” power harmonic wave产生谐波的常见设备有：The common equipment that may produce harmonic waves:变压器 Transformer发电机 Generator开关电源 Switching power source各种家用电器 Various household appliances电梯 Elevator整流器 Rectifier荧光灯和气体放电灯Fluorescent lamp and gas discharging lamp变频器 Inverter电焊机 Electric welding machine电弧炉和感应电炉 Electric arc furnace and inductive furnace.谐波对公用电网和其他系统的危害: 使公用电网中的元件产生附加的谐波损耗, 影响各种电气设备的正常工作, 引起公用电网局部的并联谐振和串联谐振, 导致继电保护自动装置和电气测量仪表出错, 对邻近的通信系统产生干扰The hazards of harmonics on public power grid and other system: make equipment in public power grid produce extra harmonic loss, do influence on the normal servicing of electric equipment, lead to partial shunt and series harmonic resonances in the public power grid, result in relay protection system and measuring instruments wrongly operating, and bring interference forward to neighbor communication system.在交流电电路中，电流基波可分解为两个部分表示负载所吸收的电流。一是与电压同相的有功分量，该分量可被转换为有同类型的相关能量，如机械能、光能、热能等等；二是与电压正交 (和有功分量相位相差90度电角) 的无功分量，该分量用于实现电源和负载间的能量传输，如用于变压器铁芯或电动机气隙中的磁耦合。因此，在电气设备中，除有功功率外，还必须生成并发送一定量的无功功率用于与电网交换能量这就会给电网端带来一定量的无功电流。In alternating circuit, current basic wave is able to be divided into two parts for indicating load absorbed current: one is active power content with same phase as voltage, this content can be transferred to associated energy, such as mechanical energy, lighting energy, thermal energy and etc; another is reactive power contents orthogonal with voltage (90° phase angle with active content), this content is used for energy transmission between power source and loading side, such as transformer core, or electromagnetic coupling in motor gap. Consequently besides active power is useful, also it shall produce and transmit some reactive power for energy conversion in power grid, this will result in some reactive current.一般通过“功率因数”来定义波形的无功含量，角度 为电流落后电压的角度。Generally power factor is used to indicate the reactive content, angle is the degree of current lagging with voltage.无功的危害 Hazards of reactive power：导致电流增大和供电设备视在功率增大 lead to increasing current and apparent power of power supply equipment使设备及线路损耗增加 make equipment and line loss rise up导致变压器及线路压降增大，使电网电压剧烈波动Transformer and line voltage drop enlarged, and make system voltage fluctuate violently.可见，谐波和无功会带来诸多的不利影响，必须采取有效措施加以抑制。Consequently harmonic and reactive power will result in harmful influences, it shall take necessary measures to limit.谐波，无功的相关标准The standard requirements of the harmonic wave and reactive power根据电能质量 公用电网谐波 (GB/T 14549-1993) ，公用电网 (380V系统) 谐波电压限值如下表：As per GB/T 14549-1993 standard “Electric quality, harmonic wave in power grid”, the harmonic voltage limits of 380V public grid as follows谐波电压限值如下表：harmonic voltage limits as follows电网标称电压 System nominal voltage电压总谐波畸变率 Total distortion rate of voltage电压总谐波畸变率Total distortion rate of voltage奇次 Odd powers注入公共连接点的谐波电流允许值间下表：Permissible value of harmonic wave enter into public joint.标称电压 Nominal voltage 基准短路容量Basic short circuit capacity谐波次数及谐波电流有效值 Powers of harmonic and effective value of harmonic current.当电网公共连接点的最小短路容量不同于上表的基准短路容量时，按下式修正表中的谐波电流允许值：When minimum short circuit capacity of public joint of power grid is different from basic value specified in sheet, please calculate the corrected value via the following formula:式中Sk1为公共连接点的最小短路容量，MVA；Sk1 is minimum short circuit capacity of public joint, MVA; 为基准短路容量 Basic short circuit capacity为上表的第h次谐波电流允许 Permissible value of hth power of harmonic current specified in above sheet.是短路容量为Sk2时的第h次谐波电流允许值Permissible value of hth power of harmonic current when short circuit capacity is Sk2,三相电路使用中，国家规定工业用户的功率因数一般要高于动力0.9，个别可低到0.85。As specified by State, generally for 3-phase industrial consumers the power factor shall more than 0.9, exceptionally lowest 0.85 allowed.谐波和无功的抑制 Restriction of harmonics and reactive power在电力系统中，补偿无功功率的方法很多，包括采用同步发电机，同步电动机、同步调相机、并联电容器和SVC、SVG等。在许多工程的供电系统中，由于阻感型负载居多，总等效负载呈感性，通常采用并联电容器补偿无功功率，提高功率因数。In power system, the methods of compensating reactive power are many, including running synchronous generator, synchronous motor, synchronous phase conversion machine, shunt capacitors, SVC, SVG and etc. In many system due most is resistive load, total load character is inductive, there will often utilize shunt capacitors for compensating reactive power to improve power factor.消除供电系统谐波的方法主要有两种：一种是采用无源LC滤波器或有源电力滤波器滤波；第二种是改造谐波源，如提高变流器的相数，采用高功率因数整流器等。It has two methods of eliminating harmonics in power system: one is to use LC passive power filter, or active power filter; another is to reform harmonic sources, such as to improve converter, adopt the rectifier with high power factor. 前工程上应用最多的还是无源LC滤波器，无源滤波器( Passive Power Filter，简称PPF)，通常是采用电力电容器，电抗器和电阻按功能要求组合而成，最常见的是调谐LC滤波器和LC高通滤波器。无源滤波器由于其结构简单、成本低、在吸收谐波的基础上还可以补偿无功，改善功率因数。 同时无源滤波器又具有维护方便，以及有较成熟的技术、设计和制造经验。但PPF也有非常大的缺点，PPF的滤波原理是提供一个并联低阻抗通路，因此其滤波特性是由系统和滤波器的阻抗比所决定，这们PPF的滤波特性就受系统参数与运行工况影响比较大，设计起来较困难，谐振频率依赖于元件参数，因此只能对主要谐波进行滤波，LC参数的漂移将导致滤波特性改变，使滤波性能不稳定；此外电网的参数与LC可能产生并联谐振使该次谐波分量放大，使电网供电质量下降；另外如果用户端负载发生变化造成谐波电流变大，会使PPF过流，造成PPF的损坏。Nowadays in projects it adopted LC passive power filter (abbr.: PPF) mostly, often use power capacitors, reactor and resistance to coordinate properly as required, normally tuning LC filter and LC high-pass filter. Due the structure of passive power filter is simple, low cost, it can not only absorb harmonics, also compensate reactive power to improve power factor, meanwhile PPF easy to be maintained, it has the experienced design and manufacturing technology. But it also has a big defect, the working theory of PPF is to provide shunt low-resistance-pass circuit, the filtration characteristics is determined by ratio between system and filter impedance, namely it will be influenced by system parameters and running status, difficult to design, resonance freq depending on the parameters of components, consequently it can filter main harmonic waves, LC parameter drift will lead to changing filtration characteristics, unsteadiness; furthermore system parameters and LC may produce shunt resonance and enlarge this harmonic content, then electric quality drop down, if consumer load change and produce larger harmonic current, PPF will happen to over-current and may be damaged.有源电力滤波器(Active Power Filter，简称APF) ，即利用可控的功率半导体器件向电网注入与谐波源电流幅值相等、相位相反的电流，使电源的总谐波电流为零，达到实时补偿谐波电流的目的。它有响应快速、补偿精度高、体积小、智能程度高、可同时补无功等特点。实际单独使用的APF以并联型为主，也叫并联有源谐波滤除器 (Shunt Active Harmonic Filter，简称SAHF) 。Active Power Filter，(abbr. APF), namely utilized the controllable power semi-conductive component to input the current with same peak value as harmonic current but inverse phase, into system, then total harmonic current is zero, really compensate harmonic current in real time. The advantages: fast response, high compensation accuracy, small size, high intelligence, able to compensate reactive power, and etc. in practice there mainly is independent shunt APF, also it called shunt active harmonic filter (abbr. SAHF).鉴于目前有源设备的成本还相对较高、可控容量和电力系统的巨大电能相比还较小，在大功率工业应用场合中，采用混合型有源电能控制技术是现阶段应用的主要特征。混合型有源电能控制技术即采用有源和无源的滤波器相结合的方案，无源滤波器负责滤除比较大的几次谐波成分和负责实偿大部分的无功，APF负责滤除剩余谐波和进一步提高功率因素。Due currently the cost of active power filter is very high, controllable capacity is very small compared with system, in those applications with large capacity, it often adopted the combinative active power control technology, namely the mixture of active and passive power filter. Passive power filter eliminate large harmonic contents and compensate most reactive power, APF absorb the surplus harmonics and further improve power factor.上述三种方案在大功率应用中的比较： Comparison of above three-plan in large capacity单独使用 Independent application混合方案 Combinative plan体积 Volume成本 Cost响应速度 Response speed扩容能力 Extension capacity无功补偿效果 Reactive power compensation effect谐波滤波效果 Harmonic filtration effect发生谐振的可能 Possibility of producing resonance受负载影响程度 Degree of load influence受电网阻抗影响程度 Degree of system impedance influence受自身参数变化影响程度 Degree of influence by its owned parameter variation最大 Maxi小 Small慢 Slow较差 Bad有 with较大 Bigger大Big最小Mini较高 High最快 Fastest好Good无 No产品型号说明 Model and meanings域“CuSine”代表本公司的CuSine Active谐波滤除器“CuSine”stands for our company CuSine Active harmonic filter域“3L”代表三相三线制的CuSine，用于三相四线制时此域为“4L”“3L” stands for 3-phase 3-wire CuSine， “4L”: 3-phase 4-wire CuSine域“200”代表CuSine的额定电流为200A，额定电流为50A、100A、150A时对应的域为响应的额定电流值“200” stands for rated current of CuSine 200A, the domain of rated current 50A、100A、150A is its ratings respectively.域“1”代表用于380V电网的CuSine，用690V电网时此域为“2”“1” stands for rated voltage of CuSine 380V, “2” stands for 690V.谐波滤除器 Harmonic filter本公司生产的CuSine Active系列谐波滤除器属SHAF，其原理可等效为一个和负载相并联的可控的电流源。AccuSine有源滤波器具备内部的指令电流运算及检测电路，通过外部电流互感器实时采集负载电流信号，从负载电流中分离出正序和负序谐波电流分量和基波无功电流，通过控制IGBT逆变器使之输出与系统的谐波电流大小相等、相位相反的补偿电流，实现滤除谐波的功能，其工作原理图如下。CuSine Active series harmonic filter made by our company belong to SHAF, in theory it is equivalent to a controllable current producer shunt with load. The filter provided inner instruction current calculation and checking circuit, via outer current transformer sample the signal of loading current, separate positive and negative sequence harmonic current contents and basic reactive current, make its output/compensating current equal to harmonic current but inverse phase by use of IGBT converter, realize the function of eliminating harmonic, the working theory as follows:电源 Power source非线性负载的特点Characteristics of nonlinear load最高能达到第60次的正序、负序谐波电流三相补偿Three-phase compensate highest up to 60th power of positive, negative sequence harmonic current采用闭环控制，精度高，谐波滤除效果最大可到THD%<3%Controlled by closed loop, high accuracy, harmonic filtration effect THD%<3% at maximum三相四线制系统中能消除零序电流If used in 3-phase 4-wire system it can eliminate zero-sequence current.用于补偿无功时，功率因数可以强制补偿到接近于1，并且使线电流三相平衡When used to compensate reactive power, power factor can be improved close to 1.0 compulsorily, and make three-phase line current to be balanced.滤波时不会带来额外的无功功率While filtering, it will not produce extra reactive power.极好的动态特性，可以在100us内响应荷的变化Excellent dynamic characteristics, it can respond with load change within 100us.自动适应电网阻的变化It will automatically fit the change of system resistance.具有断电自启动功能Automatic start in case of power failure实时故障记录及故障查询功能fault record in real time and fault query实时故障记录及故障查询功能fault record in real time and fault query产品详细参数 technical parameters工作条件 Working conditions补偿指标 Compensating index补偿容量 Compensated capacity控制特征 Controlled character额定电压 Rated voltage工作频率 Working frequency电压畸变 Voltage distortion系统结构 System structure环境温度 Ambient temperature存储温度 Storing temperature相对湿度 Relative humidity海拔高度 Altitude电流滤波能力 Current filtration capacity电网谐波抑制 Elimination of system harmonic wave滤波范围 Filtration range无功补偿 Reactive power compensation 动态响应时间 Dynamic response time完全跟踪时间 Full tracking time装置效率 Equipment efficiency并联能力 Shunt capacity平均无故障时间 Average no-fault time额定输出电流 Rated output current峰值电流 Peak current短时过载能力short time withstand capacity最大允许冲击电流 Maxi permissible impulse current开关频率 Switch frequency控制算法 Control calculation直流侧电压控制 DC side voltage control检测精度 Measurement accuracy控制器 Controller通信功能 Communication function控制连接 Control connection三相三线，三相四线 3-phase 3-wire, 3-phase 4-wire最大95%，无凝露 Maxi 95%, without dew.安装海拔小于1000米 Mounting altitude less than 1000m电网电压畸变在允许范围内时，补偿后电流变流畸变THDI<3%When system voltage distortion is within permissible range, after being compensated, current distortion rate THDI < 3%补偿后电压畸变 voltage distortion after being compensated次谐波 power of harmonic wave功率因数校正0.99 或指定无功大小 corrected power factor 0.99 or specified reactive power额定功率下高达97% up to 97% under rated power10台同容量及不同容量并联，并可与PPF并联使用 10 pcs with same capacity or different capacity shunt connected, and able to shunt connected with PPF.万小时 104 hours前馈控制和变结构PI控制算法及SPWM调制算法Feedforward control, variable structure PI control calculation and SPWM modulating calculations直流侧纯母线电压自平衡DC side busbar voltage self-balance(数字信号处理器) (Digital signal processor)采用Modbus远程通讯协议，通信接口RS485/232和以太网It adopted Modbus remote communication protocol, RS485/232 communication port and Ethernet.电气连接 Electric connection产品详细参数 Technical parameters人机接口 Human-machine interface保护功能 Protection function结构特征 Structure characteristics电磁兼容 Electromagnetic compatibility界面种类 Interface model用户操作方式 User operating mode显示功能 Display function波形分析 Wave analysis图形显示 Graphic display帮助功能 Help function过容保护 Over-capacity protection过流保护 Over-current protection过温保护 Over-temperature protection欠压保护 Under-voltage protection过压保护 Over-voltage protection相位保护 Phase protection断电保护 Power failure protection软件程序保护 Software program protection防护等级 Protection grade颜色 Color冷却方式 Cooling mode整体结构 Integral structure安装方式 Mounting mode大屏幕LED彩色触摸屏 Large scaled LED colorful touch panel触摸屏操作控制CuSine启停和进行参数设置Via touch panel to operate and control CuSine START / STOP, and set parameters电压有效值、电流有效值、温度、运行状态和故障显示及查询Voltage effective value, current effective value, temperature, running status, fault display and query FFT分析功能 FFT analysis function动