剑桥雅思浏览8(test1)答案分析.docx

剑桥雅思浏览8(test1)答案分析剑桥雅思浏览8(test1)答案分析为了帮助大家更好地备考雅思浏览，下面我给大家共享剑桥雅思浏览8原文翻译及答案解析(test1)，希望对你们有用。剑桥雅思浏览8原文(test1)READINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.AChronicleofTimekeepingOurconceptionoftimedependsonthewaywemeasureitAAccordingtoarchaeologicalevidence,atleast5,000yearsago,andlongbeforetheadventoftheRomanEmpire,theBabyloniansbegantomeasuretime,introducingcalendarstoco-ordinatecommunalactivities,toplantheshipmentofgoodsand,inparticular,toregulateplantingandharvesting.Theybasedtheircalendarsonthreenaturalcycles:thesolarday,markedbythesuccessiveperiodsoflightanddarknessastheearthrotatesonitsaxis;thelunarmonth,followingthephasesofthemoonasitorbitstheearth;andthesolaryear,definedbythechangingseasonsthataccompanyourplanetsrevolutionaroundthesun.BBeforetheinventionofartificiallight,themoonhadgreatersocialimpact.And,forthoselivingneartheequatorinparticular,itswaxingandwaningwasmoreconspicuousthanthepassingoftheseasons.Hence,thecalendarsthatweredevelopedatthelowerlatitudeswereinfluencedmorebythelunarcyclethanbythesolaryear.Inmorenorthernclimes,however,whereseasonalagriculturewaspractised,thesolaryearbecamemorecrucial.AstheRomanEmpireexpandednorthward,itorganiseditsactivitychartforthemostpartaroundthesolaryear.CCenturiesbeforetheRomanEmpire,theEgyptianshadformulatedamunicipalcalendarhaving12monthsof30days,withfivedaysaddedtoapproximatethesolaryear.Eachperiodoftendayswasmarkedbytheappearanceofspecialgroupsofstarscalleddecans.AttheriseofthestarSiriusjustbeforesunrise,whichoccurredaroundtheall-importantannualfloodingoftheNile,12decanscouldbeseenspanningtheheavens.ThecosmicsignificancetheEgyptiansplacedinthe12decansledthemtodevelopasysteminwhicheachintervalofdarkness(andlater,eachintervalofdaylight)wasdividedintoadozenequalparts.Theseperiodsbecameknownastemporalhoursbecausetheirdurationvariedaccordingtothechanginglengthofdaysandnightswiththepassingoftheseasons.Summerhourswerelong,winteronesshort;onlyatthespringandautumnequinoxeswerethehoursofdaylightanddarknessequal.Temporalhours,whichwerefirstadoptedbytheGreeksandthentheRomans,whodisseminatedthemthroughEurope,remainedinuseformorethan2,500years.DInordertotracktemporalhoursduringtheday,inventorscreatedsundials,whichindicatetimebythelengthordirectionofthesunsshadow.Thesundialscounterpart,thewaterclock,wasdesignedtomeasuretemporalhoursatnight.Oneofthefirstwaterclockswasabasinwithasmallholenearthebottomthroughwhichthewaterdrippedout.Thefallingwaterleveldenotedthepassinghourasitdippedbelowhourlinesinscribedontheinnersurface.AlthoughthesedevicesperformedsatisfactorilyaroundtheMediterranean,theycouldnotalwaysbedependedoninthecloudyandoftenfreezingweatherofnorthernEurope.ETheadventofthemechanicalclockmeantthatalthoughitcouldbeadjustedtomaintaintemporalhours,itwasnaturallysuitedtokeepingequalones.Withthese,however,arosethequestionofwhentobegincounting,andso,intheearly14thcentury,anumberofsystemsevolved.Theschemesthatdividedthedayinto24equalpartsvariedaccordingtothestartofthecount:Italianhoursbeganatsunset,Babylonianhoursatsunrise,astronomicalhoursatmiddayandgreatclockhours,usedforsomelargepublicclocksinGermany,atmidnight.Eventuallytheseweresupersededbysmallclock,orFrench,hours,whichsplitthedayintotwo12-hourperiodscommencingatmidnight.FTheearliestrecordedweight-drivenmechanicalclockwasbuiltin1283inBedfordshireinEngland.Therevolutionaryaspectofthisnewtimekeeperwasneitherthedescendingweightthatprovideditsmotiveforcenorthegearwheels(whichhadbeenaroundforatleast1,300years)thattransferredthepower;itwasthepartcalledtheescapement.Intheearly1400scametheinventionofthecoiledspringorfuseewhichmaintainedconstantforcetothegearwheelsofthetimekeeperdespitethechangingtensionofitsmainspring.Bythe16thcentury,apendulumclockhadbeendevised,butthependulumswunginalargearcandthuswasnotveryefficient.GToaddressthis,avariationontheoriginalescapementwasinventedin1670,inEngland.Itwascalledtheanchorescapement,whichwasalever-baseddeviceshapedlikeashipsanchor.Themotionofapendulumrocksthisdevicesothatitcatchesandthenreleaseseachtoothoftheescapewheel,inturnallowingittoturnapreciseamount.Unliketheoriginalformusedinearlypendulumclocks,theanchorescapementpermittedthependulumtotravelinaverysmallarc.Moreover,thisinventionallowedtheuseofalongpendulumwhichcouldbeatonceasecondandthusledtothedevelopmentofanewfloor-standingcasedesign,whichbecameknownasthegrandfatherclock.HToday,highlyaccuratetimekeepinginstrumentssetthebeatformostelectronicdevices.Nearlyallcomputerscontainaquartz-crystalclocktoregulatetheiroperation.Moreover,notonlydotimesignalsbeameddownfromGlobalPositioningSystemsatellitescalibratethefunctionsofprecisionnavigationequipment,theydosoaswellformobilephones,instantstock-tradingsystemsandnationwidepower-distributiongrids.Sointegralhavethesetime-basedtechnologiesbecometoday-to-dayexistencethatourdependencyonthemisrecognisedonlywhentheyfailtowork.Questions1-4ReadingPassage1haseightparagraphs,A-H.Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?Writethecorrectletter,A-H,inboxes1-4onyouranswersheet.1adescriptionofanearlytimekeepinginventionaffectedbycoldtemperatures2anexplanationoftheimportanceofgeographyinthedevelopmentofthecalendarinfarmingcommunities3adescriptionoftheoriginsofthependulumclock4detailsofthesimultaneouseffortsofdifferentsocietiestocalculatetimeusinguniformhoursQuestions5-8Lookatthefollowingevents(Questions5-8)andthelistofnationalitiesbelow.Matcheacheventwiththecorrectnationality,A-F.Writethecorrectletter,A-F,inboxes5-8onyouranswersheet.5Theydevisedacivilcalendarinwhichthemonthswereequalinlength.6Theydividedthedayintotwoequalhalves.7Theydevelopedanewcabinetshapeforatypeoftimekeeper.8Theycreatedacalendartoorganisepubliceventsandworkschedules.ListofNationalitiesABabyloniansBEgyptiansCGreeksDEnglishEGermansFFrenchQuestions9-13Labelthediagrambelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes9-13onyouranswersheet.图片10READINGPASSAGE2Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2onthefollowingpages.Questions14-19ReadingPassage2hassevenparagraphs,A-G.ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsAandC-Gfromthelistbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i-x,inboxes14-19onyouranswersheet.ListofHeadingsiDisobeyingFAAregulationsiiAviationdisasterpromptsactioniiiTwocoincidentaldevelopmentsivSettingaltitudezonesvAnoversimplifiedviewviControllingpilotslicencesviiDefiningairspacecategoriesviiiSettingrulestoweatherconditionsixTakingoffsafelyxFirststepstowardsATC14ParagraphAExampleAnswerParagraphBx15ParagraphC16ParagraphD17ParagraphE18ParagraphF19ParagraphGAIRTRAFFICCONTROLINTHEUSAAAnaccidentthatoccurredintheskiesovertheGrandCanyonin1956resultedintheestablishmentoftheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)toregulateandoverseetheoperationofaircraftintheskiesovertheUnitedStates,whichwerebecomingquitecongested.TheresultingstructureofairtrafficcontrolhasgreatlyincreasedthesafetyofflightintheUnitedStates,andsimilarairtrafficcontrolproceduresarealsoinplaceovermuchoftherestoftheworld.BRudimentaryairtrafficcontrol(ATC)existedwellbeforetheGrandCanyondisaster.Asearlyasthe1920s,theearliestairtrafficcontrollersmanuallyguidedaircraftinthevicinityoftheairports,usinglightsandflags,whilebeaconsandflashinglightswereplacedalongcross-countryroutestoestablishtheearliestairways.However,thispurelyvisualsystemwasuselessinbadweather,and,bythe1930s,radiocommunicationwascomingintouseforATC.ThefirstregiontohavesomethingapproximatingtodaysATCwasNewYorkCity,withothermajormetropolitanareasfollowingsoonafter.CInthe1940s,ATCcentrescouldanddidtakeadvantageofthenewlydevelopedradarandimprovedradiocommunicationbroughtaboutbytheSecondWorldWar,butthesystemremainedrudimentary.ItwasonlyafterthecreationoftheFAAthatfull-scaleregulationofAmericasairspacetookplace,andthiswasfortuitous,fortheadventofthejetenginesuddenlyresultedinalargenumberofveryfastplanes,reducingpilotsmarginoferrorandpracticallydemandingsomesetofrulestokeepeveryonewellseparatedandoperatingsafelyintheair.DManypeoplethinkthatATCconsistsofarowofcontrollerssittinginfrontoftheirradarscreensatthenationsairports,tellingarrivinganddepartingtrafficwhattodo.Thisisaveryincompletepartofthepicture.TheFAArealisedthattheairspaceovertheUnitedStateswouldatanytimehavemanydifferentkindsofplanes,flyingformanydifferentpurposes,inavarietyofweatherconditions,andthesamekindofstructurewasneededtoaccommodateallofthem.ETomeetthischallenge,thefollowingelementswereputintoeffect.First,ATCextendsovervirtuallytheentireUnitedStates.Ingeneral,from365mabovethegroundandhigher,theentirecountryisblanketedbycontrolledairspace.Incertainareas,mainlynearairports,controlledairspaceextendsdownto215mabovetheground,and,intheimmediatevicinityofanairport,allthewaydowntothesurface.ControlledairspaceisthatairspaceinwhichFAAregulationsapply.Elsewhere,inuncontrolledairspace,pilotsareboundbyfewerregulations.Inthisway,therecreationalpilotwhosimplywishestogoflyingforawhilewithoutalltherestrictionsimposedbytheFAAhasonlytostayinuncontrolledairspace,below365m,whilethepilotwhodoeswanttheprotectionaffordedbyATCcaneasilyenterthecontrolledairspace.FTheFAAthenrecognisedtwotypesofoperatingenvironments.Ingoodmeteorologicalconditions,flyingwouldbepermittedunderVisualFlightRules(VFR),whichsuggestsastrongrelianceonvisualcuestomaintainanacceptablelevelofsafety.PoorvisibilitynecessitatedasetofInstrumentalFlightRules(IFR),underwhichthepilotreliedonaltitudeandnavigationalinformationprovidedbytheplanesinstrumentpaneltoflysafely.Onaclearday,apilotincontrolledairspacecanchooseaVFRorIFRflightplan,andtheFAAregulationsweredevisedinawaywhichaccommodatesbothVFRandIFRoperationsinthesameairspace.However,apilotcanonlychoosetoflyIFRiftheypossessaninstrumentratingwhichisaboveandbeyondthebasicpilotslicensethatmustalsobeheld.GControlledairspaceisdividedintoseveraldifferenttypes,designatedbylettersofthealphabet.UncontrolledairspaceisdesignatedClassF,whilecontrolledairspacebelow5,490mabovesealevelandnotinthevicinityofanairportisClassE.Allairspaceabove5,490misdesignatedClassA.ThereasonforthedivisionofClassEandClassAairspacestemsfromthetypeofplanesoperatinginthem.Generally,ClassEairspaceiswhereonefindsgeneralaviationaircraft(fewofwhichcanclimbabove5,490manyway),andcommercialturbopropaircraft.Above5,490mistherealmoftheheavyjets,sincejetenginesoperatemoreefficientlyathigheraltitudes.ThedifferencebetweenClassEandAairspaceisthatinClassA,alloperationsareIFR,andpilotsmustbeinstrument-rated,thatis,skilledandlicensedinaircraftinstrumentation.ThisisbecauseATCcontroloftheentirespaceisessential.Threeothertypesofairspace,ClassesD,CandB,governthevicinityofairports.Thesecorrespondroughlytosmallmunicipal,medium-sizedmetropolitanandmajormetropolitanairportsrespectively,andencompassanincreasinglyrigoroussetofregulations.Forexample,allaVFRpilothastodotoenterClassCairspaceisestablishtwo-wayradiocontactwithATC.NoexplicitpermissionfromATCtoenterisneeded,althoughthepilotmustcontinuetoobeyallregulationsgoverningVFRflight.ToenterClassBairspace,suchasonapproachtoamajormetropolitanairport,anexplicitATCclearanceisrequired.Theprivatepilotwhocruiseswithoutpermissionintothisairspaceriskslosingtheirlicense.Questions20-26DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage2?Inboxes20-26onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis20TheFAAwascreatedasaresultoftheintroductionofthejetengine.21AirTrafficControlstartedaftertheGrandCanyoncrashin1956.22BeaconsandflashinglightsarestillusedbyATCtoday.23SomeimprovementsweremadeinradiocommunicationduringWorldWarII.24ClassFairspaceisairspacewhichisbelow365mandnotnearairports.25AllaircraftinClassEairspacemustuseIFR.26ApilotenteringClassCairspaceisflyingoveranaverage-sizedcity.READINGPASSAGE3Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.TELEPATHYCanhumanbeingscommunicatebythoughtalone?Formorethanacenturytheissueoftelepathyhasdividedthescientificcommunity,andeventodayitstillsparksbittercontroversyamongtopacademicsSincethe1970s,parapsychologistsatleadinguniversitiesandresearchinstitutesaroundtheworldhaveriskedthederisionofscepticalcolleaguesbyputtingthevariousclaimsfortelepathytothetestindozensofrigorousscientificstudies.Theresultsandtheirimplicationsaredividingeventheresearcherswhouncoveredthem.Someresearcherssaytheresultsconstitutecompellingevidencethattelepathyisgenuine.Otherparapsychologistsbelievethefieldisonthebrinkofcollapse,havingtriedtoproducedefinitivescientificproofandfailed.Scepticsandadvocatesalikedoconcurononeissue,however:thatthemostimpressiveevidencesofarhascomefromtheso-calledganzfeldexperiments,aGermantermthatmeanswholefield.Reportsoftelepathicexperienceshadbypeopleduringmeditationledparapsychologiststosuspectthattelepathymightinvolvesignalspassingbetweenpeoplethatweresofaintthattheywereusuallyswampedbynormalbrainactivity.Inthiscase,suchsignalsmightbemoreeasilydetectedbythoseexperiencingmeditationliketranquillityinarelaxingwholefieldoflight,soundandwarmth.Theganzfeldexperimenttriestorecreatetheseconditionswithparticipantssittinginsoftrecliningchairsinasealedroom,listeningtorelaxingsoundswhiletheireyesarecoveredwithspecialfilterslettinginonlysoftpinklight.Inearlyganzfeldexperiments,thetelepathytestinvolvedidentificationofapicturechosenfromarandomselectionoffourtakenfromalargeimagebank.Theideawasthatapersonactingasasenderwouldattempttobeamtheimageovertothereceiverrelaxinginthesealedroom.Oncethesessionwasover,thispersonwasaskedtoidentifywhichofthefourimageshadbeenused.Randomguessingwouldgiveahit-rateof25percent;iftelepathyisreal,however,thehit-ratewouldbehigher.In1982,theresultsfromthefirstganzfeldstudieswereanalysedbyoneofitspioneers,theAmericanparapsychologistCharlesHonorton.Theypointedtotypicalhit-ratesofbetterthan30percentasmalleffect,butonewhichstatisticaltestssuggestedcouldnotbeputdowntochance.Theimplicationwasthattheganzfeldmethodhadrevealedrealevidencefortelepathy.Buttherewasacrucialflawinthisargumentoneroutinelyoverlookedinmoreconventionalareasofscience.Justbecausechancehadbeenruledoutasanexplanationdidnotprovetelepathymustexist;thereweremanyotherwaysofgettingpositiveresults.Theserangedfromsensoryleakagewherecluesaboutthepicturesaccidentallyreachthereceivertooutrightfraud.Inresponse,theresearchersissuedareviewofalltheganzfeldstudiesdoneupto1985toshowthat80percenthadfoundstatisticallysignificantevidence.However,theyalsoagreedthattherewerestilltoomanyproblemsintheexperimentswhichcouldleadtopositiveresults,andtheydrewupalistdemandingnewstandardsforfutureresearch.Afterthis,manyresearchersswitchedtoautoganzfeldtestsanautomatedvariantofthetechniquewhichusedcomputerstoperformmanyofthekeytaskssuchastherandomselectionofimages.Byminimisinghumaninvolvement,theideawastominimisetheriskofflawedresults.In1987,resultsfromhundredsofautoga