118号托福浏览真题答案解析.docx

11.8号托福浏览真题答案解析11.8号托福浏览真题答案解析本文关于2017年11月18日浏览真题回忆，有利于考生备考温习。让我们回忆一下近期考试的内容：环境类，生物类，词汇题等，请考生们要认真的浏览哦，来学习啦会给你不一样的精彩内容，学习啦会在考试后第一时间更新。11.8号托福浏览答案解析浏览部分考试回忆如下：1.PreventingOvergrowthamongTreeBranchesshedding剪枝的意义。一个是由于有些树枝消耗掉的碳物质比生产的多，另一个原因是有时候气候很干，剪枝减少水的消耗。词汇题补充：exposed=unprotectedwithnowarning=withoutanyindicationbeforehandcongestion=overcrowding2.CrownofThornsStarfishandCoralReefs冠状棘海星，话题重复2020.01.08珊瑚的消失和一种海星的数量猛增有关系，主要讲的是导致猛增的原因(环境+人)词汇题补充：outbreak=suddenincreaseaccompany=occuralongwithconverge=cometogetherseverity=seriousness原题重现：Thecrownofthornsstarfish,AcanthasterTlanci,islarge,twenty-fivetothirty-fivecentimetersindiameter,andhasseventotwenty-onearmsthatarecoveredinspines.ItfeedsprimarilyoncoralandisfoundfromtheIndianOceantothewestcoastofCentralAmerica,usuallyatquitelowpopulationdensities.Sincethemid-1950s,populationoutbreaksatdensitiesfourtosixtimesgreaterthannormalhaveoccurredatthesametimeinplacessuchasHawaii,Tahiti,Panama,andtheGreatBarrierReef.Theresulthasoftenbeenthelossofafiftypercenttonearlyonehundredpercentofthecoralcoveroverlargeareas.AsingleAcanthastercanconsumefivetosixsquaremetersofcoralpolypsperyear,anddensepopulationscandestroyuptosixsquarekilometersperyearandmoveonrapidly.Acanthastersshowapreferenceforbranchingcorals,especiallyAcroporids.Afteranoutbreakinaparticulararea,itiscommontofindthatAcroporidshavebeenselectivelyremoved,leavingamosaicoflivinganddeadcorals.InplaceswhereAcroporidspreviouslydominatedthecommunitydevastationcanbealmostcomplete,andlocalareasofreefshavecollapsed.Areasofdeadcoralareusuallycolonizedrapidlybyalgaeandoftenarelatercolonizedbyspongesandsoftcorals.Increasesinabundanceofplant-eatingfishanddecreasesinabundanceofcoral-feedingfishaccompanythesechanges.Corallarvaesettleamongthealgaeandeventuallyestablishflourishingcoralcolonies.Intentofifteenyearsthereefsoftenreturntoaboutthesamepercentageofcoralcoverasbefore.Developmentofafour-speciesdiversitytakesabouttwentyyears.Twoschoolsofthoughtexistconcerningthecauseoftheseoutbreaks.Onegroupholdsthattheyarenaturalphenomenathathaveoccurredmanytimesinthepast,citingoldmensrecollectionsofearlieroutbreaksandevidencefromtraditionalcultures.Theothergroupmaintainsthatrecenthumanactivitiesrangingfromphysicalcoraldestructionthroughpollutiontopredatorremovalhavetriggeredtheseevents.Onetheory,theadultaggregationhypothesis,maintainsthatmostspeciesismoreabundantthanwerealizewhenastormdestroyscoralandcausesafoodshortage.TheadultAcanthastersconvergeonremainingportionsofhealthycoralandfeedhungrily.CertainlytherehavebeenoutbreaksofAcanthasterfollowinglargestorms,butthereislittleevidencethatthestormshavecausedtheenoughreefdamagetocreateafoodshortageforthesestarfish.TwootherhypothesesattempttoexplaintheincreasedabundanceofAcanthasterafterepisodesofhighterrestrialrunofffollowingstorms.Thefirsthypothesisisthatlowsalinityandhightemperaturesfavorthesurvivalofthestarfishlarvae.Thesecondhypothesisemphasizesthefoodwebaspect,suggestingthatstrongfreshwaterrunoffbringsadditionalnutrientstothecoastalwaters,stimulatingphytoplanktonproductionandpromotingmorerapiddevelopmentandbettersurvivalofthestarfishlarvae.Thosefavoringanthropogenic(humaninfluenced)causeshavepointedtothelargeproportionofoutbreaksthathavebeennearcentersofhumanpopulations.Ithasbeensuggestedthatcoralpolypsarethemainpredatorsofthestarfishlarvae.DestructionofcoralbyblastingandotherbadlandusepracticeswouldreducepredationonthestarfishlarvaeandcauseafeedbackinwhichincreasesinAcanthasterpopulationscausestillfurthercoraldestruction.Unfortunately,therearetoofewdocumentedinstancesofphysicaldestructionofcoralbeingfollowedbyoutbreaksofAcanthasterforthesehypothesestobefullysupported.AnothergroupofhypothesisfocusesonremovalofAcanthasterspredators.SomehavesuggestedthatthepredatorsmighthavebeenkilledoffbypollutionwhereasothershavesuggestedthattheharvestingofvertebrateandinvertebratepredatorsofAcanthastercouldhavereducedmortalityandcausedincreasedabundanceofadults.TheproblemwiththisgroupofhypothesisisthatitisdifficulttounderstandhowreducedpredationwouldleadtosuddenincreasesinAcanthasternumbersinseveralplacesatthesametimeinspecificyears.Itseemsprobablethatthereisnosingleexplanationbutthatthereareelementsofthetruthinseveralofthehypotheses.Thatistherearenaturalprocessesthathaveledtooutbreaksinthepast,buthumanimpacthasincreasedthefrequencyandseverityoftheoutbreaks.3.DorsetCulture格林兰岛DorsetCulture的起源，首先是由于气候变冷，一部分人迁走了，另一部分留下来的人创立了文明。这些人发明了工具来面对严寒气候，后来气候变暖了，另一部落的人迁移过来消灭了这个文明。词汇题补充：allowedfor=madepossibleharsh=severedurationofseaice=lengthoftimetheicelastsannihilated=destroyed4.ChangesintheAmountofForestontheGreatPlains旧题重复：2021年9月25日文章本篇属于比拟规律的一篇生物文章，从森林变化这种现象着手，进而分析背后的原因;建议大家多多了解相关的背景知识，比方TPO09：TheArrivalofPlantLifeinHawaii;TPO25：TheEvolutionaryOriginofPlants，从这些文章中我们能够知道植物的产生和进化原理，并且之后背后的原因。每种植物的生长和进化套路类似，所以大家能够仔细分析一下这两篇文章的构造，总结类似的文章构造规律和出题特征。文章内容：最初被常绿林覆盖的森林，由于气候变得暖和枯燥，变成了落叶林，最后成了草地。在一些山脊之类的地方树木比拟占优势，一方面山顶气候凉快并且接收到更多的降水(precipitation)，另一方面，山脊是天然的防火地带(naturalfirebreak)，但草原被烧毁后照旧能够拥有“野火烧不尽的势头。然而在大平原地区，森林减少后，接下来又经历了逆袭，数量开场增加，详细的原因主要在于人类的活动，随着农牧业的发展，草原数量逐步减少，火灾频率也随之降低，所以，森林又得以回归。词汇题补充：dense=thickeasedinto=slowlyenteredretain=keepinevitable=certain5.HowPlantsandAnimalsArrivedintheHawaiianIslands旧题重复：2021年12月27日文章6.EarlyModernIndustrialization旧题重复：2017年3月11日文章词汇题补充：determinants=causeshastened=rusheddiffusion=dispersalperfected=completed7.BirdsandFoodShortage旧题重复：2021年12月20日文章文章内容：这篇是讲鸟类储存能量的。鸟类通过储存食物或者脂肪来度过食物不充足的时期，但是这个只能缓解食物短缺，不能彻底解决这个问题。越小的鸟就越需要更多的能量来生长，储存能量难度也更大，十分举了一个例子是蜂鸟需要不停的进食：大的鸟储存能量多，并且不需要消耗过多能量去生长，所以储存的能量能够撑很长时间，但是大鸟有时候需要储存能量来迁徙或者繁衍。还讲了有一些鸟会通过降低新陈代谢速率来减少能量消耗，类似于一种哺乳动物冬眠的状态，蜂鸟可能天天晚上都会这样。词汇题补充：durationof=lengthofenables=allowsinsomedegree=toacertainextent8.古埃及金字塔那些法老，对各个法老的记录来研究埃及历史9.恐龙的讨论10.北极圈的居民11.农业变迁12.植物的自己保护机制13.昆虫的一种群居行为14.密西根和埃及的乡村建设，一个分布均匀，一个分布严密托福词汇词以类计之政治场景类政治类Government监督n.scrutiny监督v.scrutinize/monitor为拨款allocatemoneytosth./beapatronof/investin/fund/dedicatemoneytosth.预算n.budget政府开支thegovernmentspending/expenditureonsth.削减v.curtail增加v.augment废除(法律、制度等)vt.abolish施行vt.implement使合法化vt.legalize首要任务n.priority建立vt.establish减轻、缓解vt.alleviate=ease=relieve当局theauthorities禁止vt.forbid/prohibit立法n.legislation税收taxrevenue民主的adj.democratic高效率的adj.efficient优化资源分配optimizethedistributionofres-ources稳定n.stability解决vt.Combat=tackle=resolve=address=grapplewith严厉的，严格的adj.stringent短视的adj.short-sighted支出，花费n.expenditure社会保险socialsecurity老百姓n.citizens/thecitizenry规范，管理v.regulate/monitor/oversee严禁strictlyprohibit/banaltogether严格的法律stringentlaws/legislation强迫性的，根据法律或者规定必须做的adj.mandatory/compulsory当务之急n.priority失业n.unemployment/joblessness基础设施n.infrastructure公共交通系统publictransportation/transitsystem电网powergrid石油天然气管线pipelines给排水系统watersupplyanddrainagesystem民主与开通的政府ademocraticandprogressivegovernment临时的应急措施astopgapmeasure把当作当务之急giveprioritytosth.责任n.duty/responsibility/obligation军备竞赛n.armsrace自卫n.self-defense国土安全nationalsecurity/homelandsecurity缺乏远见的政策short-sightedpolicy扩张n.expansion/aggression谋求霸权seek/pursuehegemony恶性循环aviciouscircle地区不稳定因素destabilizingfactors规章制度rulesandregulations太空竞赛spacerace武器n.arms/weapons/armaments下岗工人laid-offworkers/downsizedworkers托福词汇分类之医生1.medicalspecialist专科医生2.physician(internist)内科医生3.surgeon外科医生4.paediatrician儿科医生5.ophthalmologist眼科医生6.pharmacist药剂师7.generalpractitioner全科医师8.clinician临床医师9.gynecologist妇科医生10.plasticsurgeon整形外科医生11.dentist牙医12.psychologist心理医生13.therapist理疗师14.cardiologist心脏病科医师15.dermatologist皮肤科医生16.podiatrist足病医生17.allergist过敏症专科医生18.obstetrician产科医生19.ENTdoctor耳鼻喉科医生20.orthopedist骨科医生21.veterinarian兽医22.houseman实习医生11.8号托福浏览真题答案解析