开题报告撰写方法.docx

开题报告撰写方法开题报告的撰写主要包括下面几个方面：1开题报告名称开题报告名称就是开题报告名字。这看起来似乎是个小问题，但实际上很多人写专题名称时，往往写得不准确、不恰当，进而影响整个开题报告的形象与质量。那么，怎样给开题报告起名称呢？(1)、名称要准确、规范。准确就是开题报告的名称要把开题报告研究的问题是什么，研究的对象是什么交待清楚。开题报告的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致，不能太大，也不能太小，要准确的把研究的对象、问题概括出来。规范就是所用的词语、句型要规范、科学，似是而非的词不能用，口号式、结论式的句型不要用。由于我们是在进行科学研究，要用科学的、规范的语言去表述我们的思想和观点。这里有一个专题名称叫“培养自主学习能力，提高课堂学习效率，假如这个题目是一篇经历性论文，或者是一个研究报告，还不错，但作为专题的名称，则不是很好的。由于专题就是我们要解决的问题，这个问题正在讨论，正开场研究，不能有结论性的语气。若改为“自主学习能力的培养对提高课堂学习效率的影响则较为妥当。2、名称要简洁，不能太长。不管是论文或者开题报告，名称都不能太长，能不要的字就尽量不要，最长一般不要超过20字。2研究的目的、意义研究的目的、意义也就是为什么要研究、研究它有什么价值，研究背景是什么。这一般能够先从现实需要方面去阐述，指出现实中存在这个问题，需要去研究，去解决，本开题报告的研究有什么实际作用。然后，再写开题报告的理论和学术价值。这些都要写得详细一点，有针对性一点，不能漫无边际地空喊口号。3研究的指导思想开题报告研究的指导思想就是在宏观上应坚持什么方向，符合什么要求等。这个方向或要求可能是哲学、数学、自然科学、政治理论，可以以是科学发展规划，可以以是有关研究问题的指导性意见等。4研究的目的和假设开题报告研究的目的和假设也就是课题最后要到达的详细目的，要解决哪些详细问题。相对于目的和指导思想而言，研究目的和假设是比拟详细的，不能笼统地讲，必须清楚地写出来。只要目的明确、假设详细，才能明确工作的详细方向是什么，才能了解研究的重点是什么，思路就不会被各种因素所干扰。确定专题研究目的和假设时，一方面要考虑专题本身的要求，另一方面还要考虑开题报告组实际的工作条件与工作水平。5研究的基本内容我们有了开题报告的研究目的和假设，就要根据目的和假设来确定我们这个开题报告详细要研究的内容。相对研究目的和假设来讲，研究内容要更详细、更明确，并且一个目的和假设可能要通过几方面的研究内容来实现，我们不一定是逐一对应的关系。大家在确定研究内容的时候，往往考虑的不是很详细，写出来的研究内容十分笼统、模糊，把研究的目的、意义当作研究内容，这对我们整个专题研究特别不利。6研究的步骤和进度开题报告研究的步骤和进度，也就是开题报告研究在时间和顺序上的安排。研究的步骤和进度要充分考虑研究内容的互相联络和难易程度。一般情况下，都是从基础问题开场，分阶段进行，每个阶段从什么时间开场，至什么时间结束都要有规定。7研究方法和资料获取途径开题报告研究的方法很多，包括历史研究法、调查研究法、实验研究法、比拟研究法、理论研究法等，但在研究性学习中的开题报告研究方法用得最多的是社会调查法和受控比照实验法。一个大的专题往往需要多种方法，小的专题能够主要采用一种方法，同时兼用其他方法。在应用各种方法时，一定要严格根据方法的要求，不能只凭经历、常识去做。比方，要通过调查了解情况，怎样制定调查表，怎样进行分析，都不是随随意便发张表，列一些百分数、平均数就行了。开题报告研究资料的获取途径也很多，包括文献调查、考察调查、问卷调查、设计并进行实验、科学观测等。主要采用哪些资料获取途径，一定要经过充分的研究。8研究的成果形式开题报告研究的成果形式包括报告、论文、发明、软件、课件等多种形式。专题不同，研究成果的内容、形式也不一样。但不管形式是什么，专题研究必须有成果，否则，就是这个专题没有完成。9研究的组织机构和人员分工在集体开题报告研究方案中，要写出专题组组长、副组长，专题组成员以及分工。专题组组长就是本专题的负责人。专题组的分工必需要分得明确合理，争取让每个人了解本人的工作和责任，不能吃大锅饭，但是在分工的基础上，也要注意全体人员的合作，大家共同研究，共同商讨，克制研究经过中的各种困难和问题。HowtowritearesearchproposalWhenyouareapplyingforaresearchdegree,likethePhD,youwillveryprobablyhavetowritearesearchproposalasapartofyourapplicationfile.APhDisawardedmainlyastheresultofyourmakingagenuinecontributiontothestateofknowledgeinafieldofyourchoice.EventhoughthisisnottheNobelPrizeyet,gettingthedegreemeansyouhaveaddedsomethingtowhathaspreviouslybeenknownonthesubjectyouhaveresearched.Butfirstyouhavetoproveyouarecapableofmakingsuchacontribution,andthereforewritearesearchproposalthatmeetscertainstandards.Thegoalofaresearchproposal(RP)istopresentandjustifyaresearchideayouhaveandtopresentthepracticalwaysinwhichyouthinkthisresearchshouldbeconducted.WhenyouarewritingaRP,keepinmindthatitwillenteracompetition,beingreadinlinewithquiteafewotherRPs.Youhavetocomeupwithadocumentthathasanimpactuponthereader:writeclearlyandwellstructuredsothatyourmessagegetsacrosseasily.Basically,yourRPhastoanswerthreebigquestions:whatresearchprojectwillyouundertake,whyisimportanttoknowthatthingandhowwillyouproceedtomakethatresearch.Inordertodrawtheresearcher''''sattentionuponyourpaper,writeanintroductionwithimpact,andthatleadstotheformulationofyourhypothesis.Theresearchhypothesishastobespecific,concise(onephrase)andtoleadtotheadvancementoftheknowledgeinthefieldinsomeway.Writingthehypothesisinaconcisemannerand,first,comingupwithagoodhypothesisisadifficultmission.Thisisactuallythecoreofyourapplication:you''''paredtothis,therestoftheapplicationisbackgroundscenery.Takeyourtimetothinkofit.Whenyouhaveanidea,becarefulattheformulation.Awell-writtenhypothesisissomethingofanessay''''sthesis:itprovidesastatementthatcanbetested(arguesaheadoneofthepossibleanswerstoaproblem),itisanidea,aconcept,andnotamerefact,andissummedupinonephrase.Insomecases,youwillhavenoideawhatthepossibleanswertoaproblemworthbeingresearchedis,butyouwillbeabletothinkofawaytosolvethatproblem,andfindouttheanswerinthemeantime.It''''sokinthiscase,toformulatearesearchquestion,ratherthanahypothesis.Letthosecasesberare,inanyway.Anotherpieceofadvicewhenwritingyourhypothesis,regardingthetrendyresearchfields:chancesaregreatthatthey''''retrendybecausesomebodyhasalreadymadethatexcitingdiscovery,orwrotethatsplendidpaperthatawokeeverybody''''sinterestinthefirstplace.Ifyou''''reinoneofthesefields,trytogetafreshpointofviewuponthesubject;makenewconnections,don''''tbe100%mainstream.Thiswillmaketheprojectevenmorestimulatingforthereader.Imaginethatyouarewritingaboutthetrendiestsubject,withabsolutelynochangeinthepointofview,andyouaregiventhechancetomaketheresearch.Trendscomeandgo,fast;whatarethechancesthat,infouryears''''time,whenyourresearchisdoneandyouarereadytopublishyourresults,oneofthosewell-knownprofessorswhodisposeofhugeresearchgrantshasalreadysaidwhateveryouhadtosay?Rememberhow,inastructuredessay,rightafterthethesisyouwouldpresenttheorganisationofyouressay,byenumeratingthemainargumentsyouweregoingtopresent?SamethingshouldhappeninaRP.Afterstatingyourthesis,youshouldgiveashortaccountofyouranswerstothosethreequestionsmentionearlier.State,inafewphrases,whatwillbelearnedfromyourresearch,thatyourprojectwillmakeadifference,andwhyisthatimportanttobeknown.Youwillhavetoelaborateonbothoftheselaterinthepaper.Thenextstepinwritingyourproposalistoprovethatthatparticularpieceofresearchhasnotbeendoneyet.ThissectionisusuallycalledLiteratureReview.Insideit,youhavetoenumerateandcriticallyanalyzeanimpressivelistofboringbibliography.Theconclusionyoushould-objectively!-reachisthatyourideaofresearchhasnotbeenundertakenyet.Evenmore,youusethisopportunitytoprovesolidtheoreticalknowledgeinthefield,andbuildthetheoreticalbasesofyourproject.Onetip:don''''treviewallthearticlesandbooksinthefieldsevenifyoumentiontheminthebibliographylist;payattentioninyouranalysistothoseyouwillbuildon.Anotherone:avoidjargonwhenwritingyourRP.Thechancesaregreatthattheperson(s)whowillreadyourandanother1000researchproposalsarenotspecialistsinthatveryfield-nicheyouareexamining.Ifyouareapplyingforagrantwithorfoundationorsomethingsimilar,itmighthappenthatthosereadingyourpaperarenotevenprofessors,butrecruiters,donors,etc.Andeveniftheyactuallyareprofessors,oneofthereasonsbusypeoplelikethemagreetoundertakeahuge,andsometimesvoluntary,work,isthedesiretomeetsomediversity,somechangefromtheirwork-somaybethey''''llreadapplicationsforanotherspecialisation.Thecapacitytogetyourmessageacrossinclear,easy-to-graspconceptsandphrasesisoneofthewinningpapers''''mostimportantadvantages.Sofar,youhaveprovenyouhavearesearchidea,thatyouarefamiliarwiththefield,andthatyourideaisnew.Now,whyshouldyourprojectbeworthresearching?Becauseitadvancesknowledge,ok.Butisthisknowledgethatanybodywillneed?MaybenobodyknowsforsurehowtheshoelaceswerebeingtiedintheXIXthcentury,butwhocares,beyondtwolace-tyingspecialists?Findargumentstoconvincethereaderthats/heshouldgiveyoumoneyforthatresearch:practicaluse,acceleratingthedevelopmentofknowledgeinyourorotherfields,openingnewresearchpossibilities,abetterunderstandingoffactsthatwillallowamoreappropriatecourseofactionarepossiblereasons.Beclearandspecific.Don''''tpromisetosavetheworld,itmightbetoomuchtostartwith.EvenJamesBondsucceedsthatonlytowardstheendofthemovie.Weapproachnowoneofthemostdifficultpartsofwritingaresearchproposal:themethodology.Inshort,whatactionsareyougoingtotakeinordertoanswerthequestion?Whenwillyouknowwhetherthehypothesishasbeenprovenwrong,orhassurvivedenoughteststobeconsidered,fornow,valid?Thosetestsandthewayyouaresupposedtohandlethemtogiverigortoyourresearchiswhatisunderstoodundermethods.Methodsdivideinqualitative(interviews,questionnaires)andquantitative(statistics,stuffthatdealsintensivelywithnumbers).Forsomeprojectsqualitativemethodsaremoreappropriate,forsomequantitative,whileformostamixtureofthetwoisadequate.Youshouldpickyourmethodsandjustifyyourchoice.Researchmethodology,however,istooacomplicatedthingtobeexplainedhere.Andthisiswhyit''''ssotough:notmuchattentionisgiventoteachingitinEasternEurope.Try,beforewritingyourRP,toreadabitmoreaboutmethodology-ontheInternetyouwillfindforsuresomearticles-anddecidewhichmethodssuityourprojectbest.Don''''tforget:readingtheoreticalpiecesofyourworkandprovidingacriticalanalysisofthoseisalsoakindofresearch.It''''sfinetoprovidearoughscheduleofyourresearch;somegrantprogramswillalsorequireadetailedbudget,eventhoughforscholarshipsthisisunlikely.Conclusions:Afterworkingyourwaythroughthedifficultmethodologicalpart,youonlyhavetowriteyourconclusions.Shortlyrecapwhyyourhypothesisisnew,whyitadvancesknowledge,whyisitworthresearchingandhow,fromapracticalpointofview,areyougoingtodothat.Overall,thecapacityofyourprojecttoanswertheresearchquestionshouldcomeoutcrystalclearfromthebodyofthepaper,andespeciallyfromtheconclusions.Ifthishappens,itmeansyouhaveawell-writtenRP,andyouhavejustincreasedyouchancesforhavingasuccessfulapplication.Onelastword:howbigshouldyourRPbe?Inmostcases,thisisspecifiedintheapplicationform.Ifitisnot,wesuggestthatyoukeepitatabout1500words(that''''s3pages,single-spaced,with12sizeTimesNewRoman).InfewerwordsitcanbereallytoughtowriteagoodRP.Withmoreyoumightboreyourreaders.Whichwehopewillnothappen.