语音基础知识.ppt

英语语音及朗读知识一、学习语音的意义一、学习语音的意义二、语音的内容二、语音的内容三、字母的学习三、字母的学习四、音素的学习四、音素的学习五、音标的学习五、音标的学习六、朗读技巧六、朗读技巧 语言是交流思想(communication)的工具，是有声的。人们通过有声的语言，达到交流思想的目的。英语语音中的每个音素都有区别词义的作用，发音不准确会导致词义的误解。一、学习语音的意义一、学习语音的意义 sheep /Si:p/, ship /SIp/ eyes /aIz/, ice /aIs/ 语音中的几个概念语音中的几个概念n1)字母(26)：语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i, o, u。n2)音素(44)：音的最小的单位。n3)音标(44)：词的语音形式。 n4)元音(20)：发音响亮；口腔中气流不受阻碍。n5)辅音(24)：发音不响亮；口腔中气流受到阻碍。n6)音节：一个元音构成；一个元音和一个或几个辅音构成。n I, apple, student, teacher, understand n7)开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e：name, bike, homen b) 辅音+元音：he, go, hi n8)闭音节：元音+辅音：bad, bed, it, sit, hot, cupn9)重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。二、语音的内容二、语音的内容字母：字母：音素：音素：音标：音标：face cat what many banana village water/eI/ /Z/ /F/ /e/ /E/A:/ /I/ /C:/音的最小单位音的最小单位( 4444)语言的书写形式语言的书写形式( 2626)音素的书写形式音素的书写形式(4444) a三、字母的学习三、字母的学习Aa:甲A,维A,A调,血型A,AD钙奶, 2.方法:迁移法Bb:甲B,维B,B调,血型B,HB铅笔, 2B铅笔Cc:维C, C调,CCTV,WC,VCD,CBA1.作用:缩略词、字母组合、开音节词CCTV bird name WC bear hiABCD，ABCD，EFG，EFG，ABCD，ABCD，EFG，EFG.两只老虎:3.步骤:总分总4. 书写:字形规范,笔顺正确,斜度一致,间距适当,行距均匀四、音素的学习四、音素的学习直呼式韵律英语教学法直呼式韵律英语教学法a b c d爸爸爸爸婆婆婆婆妈妈妈妈大佛大佛 大海大海桃树桃树泥人泥人快乐快乐 gkhrb p m f dt n l哥哥哥哥 克服克服喝水喝水 日头日头 蚕丝蚕丝 帽子帽子乌鸦乌鸦 szwvf taf-a-t fat fat fat fata dad fat bad hat glad人生识字聪明始a face name same lake makea e i o uAa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff GgHh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm NnOo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz/eI/ /bi:/ /si:/ /di:/ /i:/ /ef/ /dWi:/eItS/ /aI/ /dWeI/ /keI/ /el/ /em/ /en/EH/ /pi:/ /kju:/ /A:/ /es/ /ti:/ju:/ /vi:/ /?dVblju:/ /eks/ /waI/ /zi:/zed/f l m n s x去尾法去尾法:掐头法掐头法:b c d p t v z j k步骤:1.读名称音 2.分解 3.掐头/去尾 4.名称音、音素对比 5.音素对比法对比法:g h r w y字母组合字母组合: qu五、音标的学习五、音标的学习1、音标的种类2、复习旧音标3、转化新音标1、音标的种类旧IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet)新IPA (Jones)K.K. (John S Kenyon和Thomas A Knott)2、复习旧音标音标 (48)元(20)辅(28)单(12)双(8) /i:/ /C:/ /A:/ /u:/ /E:/音的长短 /Z/ /e/ /i/ /C/ /V/ /u/ /E/舌的活动范围前中后 /i:/ /i/ /Z/ /e/ /E:/ /E/ /A:/ /V/ /C:/ /C/ /u:/ /u/清(11)浊(17)声带是否振动/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /s/ /O/ /S/ /tS/ /ts/ /tr/ /h/b/ /d/ /G/ /v/ /z/ /D/ /W/ /dW/ /dz/ /dr/ /m/ /n/ /Y/ /l/ /r/ /w/ /j/ei/ /ai/ /Eu/ /au/ /Ci/ /iE/ /XE/ /uE/辅(28)发音的方法爆破音/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /G/摩擦音/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /O/ /D/ /S/ /W/ /r/ /h/破擦音/tS/ /dW/ (/ts/ /dz/ /tr/ /dr/)鼻辅音/m/ /n/ /Y/旁流音/l/半元音/w/ /j/容易混淆的元音 1) e Z bed, bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend, land 2) i: ei real, rail; greet, great; mean, main; read, raid 3) e ai bet, bite; red, write; said, side; head, hide 4) au C: house, horse; now, nor; count, corn; cloud, clause n容易混淆的辅音n1) v w vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very welln Vivian was waiting for a white van with five white whales in it.n n2) s O sink think; sort thoughtn Six silly thieves threw three sandals into the theatres sink.n n3) z D closing clothing; breeze breathen 4) n Y thin thing; win wing/i:/ ee, ea the deep sleep 酣睡 green trees 绿树 a sweet dream 甜蜜的梦 a cheap meal 一顿廉价的饭 clean teeth 洁净的牙齿/i/ i a big pig 一只大猪 a thick stick 一根很粗的棍子 a silver lid 一个银盖子 bit by bit 一点一点地 thin lips 薄嘴唇/e/ e a red dress 一件红衣服 the next step 下一步 fresh eggs 鲜蛋 the best pen 最好的钢笔 ten beds 十张床/Z/ a a black hat 一顶黑礼帽 a fat man 一个胖子 the happy dad 快乐的爸爸 a plastic bag 一只塑料袋catch a cat 捉猫/E:/ ir, or, ur, ear the third world 第三世界 the worst work 最坏的工作 the first turning 第一个拐弯 the early bird 早到者 hurt a nurse 伤害护士/E/ er, o, a a clever waiter 一个聪明的侍者 the correct answer 正确的答案 attend a lecture 听讲座 Peters sister 彼得的姐姐 appear again 又出现/u:/ u, oo the blue roof 蓝屋顶 a cool pool 一个清凉的水池 the true news 真确的消息 prove the truth 证实真相 choose ones tool 选择某人的工具/u/ oo, u a good cook 一个好厨师 have a look 看一看 hard wood 硬木 on foot 步行full moon 满月 /C:/ a, or, or (e), aw a small ball 一个小球 the short form 简短的表格 the north ball 北厅 more and more 愈来愈多 draw a horse 画一匹马/C/ o, a, or a hot pot 一个火锅 a soft knock 轻轻叩门声 a watch shop 一家表店 lock the box 锁上盒子foreign policy 外交政策/A:/ ar, aa hard task 艰难的任务 a dark park 一个阴暗的公园 start a car 发动汽车 the last dance 最后一次跳舞 fathers farm 父亲的农场/V/ u, o, oua Sunday club 星期日俱乐部 some luck 一些运气 much honey 许多蜜 enough money 足够的钱up above 高高在上3、新音标的转化辅音音标无变化/i/u/C/E:/变化大/i/变/I/u/变/H/C/变/F/E:/变/B:/双元音全变化见到/i/变/I/见到/u/变/H/Ci/变/CI/XE/变/eE/i:/ /C:/ /A:/ /u:/ /E:/Z/e/ /i/ /C/ /V/ /u/ /E/ei/ /ai/ /Ci/Eu/ /au/iE/ /XE/ /uE/I/F/ /H/ /B:/eI / /aI/ /CI/EH/ /aH/IE/ /eE/ /HE/?mesIdW/ /lB:n/rEHl/pHl/beIk/dWFb/laIt/krFs/weIt/ /?sIlI/DeEz/?aHEz/?maHntIn/?mEHbaIl/SHE/hIE/?steISEn/ /?FfIs/E?raHnd/?ju:sfHl/?speIsSIp/?OB:zdI/?wVndEfHl/?telIfEHn/(1)连读(Liaison)(2)失爆(Incomplete plosive)(3)语调(Intonation) (4)重读和节奏(Stress and rhythm)六、朗读技巧六、朗读技巧(1)连读(Liaison)在短语或句子中相邻的两个词，如果前一个词的末尾是辅音，后一个词的开头是元音，就要连起来读，如：a piece of paper a cup of tea not at all on a shipin a box run a racemake a cake I have a pen. What is it?I am a cat.Its an apple.My name is Kate.Can you find it? Is this a cap?Yes, it is.No, it isnt.除了上面的情况外，还有下列两种情况也常连读：for a while /fEr E waIl/for an hour /fEr En aHE/There is a pair of shoes here. /DEr Iz E ?peEr Ev ?Su:z hIE/There are two pens in the box. /DEr E tu: penz In DE bFks/1.末尾有字母r(re)的词，后一词的开头是元音且语速较快时，r常读出来，并和后面的元音连读，这种读法在美国英语中比较普遍，如：2.前一词的末尾是元音，后一词的开头也是元音，在语速较快时，两个元音也要连读，即要从前一个元音自然地滑向后一个元音，如：Are you a boy?How are you?How nice you are!You must see a doctor.1. What is it?2. Is it possible?3. Of course I do.4. What are you doing?5. Can I help you?6. I cant believe it.7. There is a pair of shoes.8. I left it in my office.朗读下列句子，注意连读(2)失爆(Incomplete plosive) 失爆即失去爆破，也叫不完全爆破。指的是两个爆破音相邻时，发前一个爆破音时不送气（只做这个音的口型，留出发这个音的时间），听起来好像“吃”掉了，这种情况常发生在一个单词中相邻的两个爆破音之间，和两个单词中相邻的两个爆破音之间，如：.blackboard (黑点表示失去爆破).football basketball doctor handbag goodbyeweekdaya fat cat a big piga good penmake cakeshot dogs back to schoolGlad to meet you.Its not dad.What colour is it?Im not good at English.除了相邻的两个爆破音外，当相邻的两个音中前一个是爆破音，而后一个是除/w/和/j/以外的其它辅音，则爆破音也常不送气，即出现不完全爆破，如：bedroombreakfastoutsidepicturemidnightmostlyfriendlya bad foxgood things Good morning. Good night.I dont know.I cant say.I cant find my bag. I cant see it.We cant let him in.Let me in.1. by and by2. Let me think.3. His face turned red.4. You did the right thing.5. May I speak to John?6. Bob did not know what to say.7. He put his finger in his mouth to show that he needed food.8. He went to the nearest restaurant and sat down at the table.朗读下列短语或句子，注意失去爆破音的同化 一个音因为受了另外一个邻音的影响而发成了这两个音之外的第三个音。（这个过程就叫做同化）Nice to meet you. Im fine. And you? /mi:t/ /ju:/ /Znd/ /ju:/ /?mi:tSu:/ /?ZndWu:/Does she like it? Please show me the way./dVz/ /Si:/ /pli:z/ /SEH/ /?dVS Si:/ /?pli:W ?SEH/ 音的浊化 清辅音在/s/后，读相应的浊辅音。sport spring speak spell speed skirt school sky skate ski stop star stand story student1.陈述句、感叹句、祈使句、特殊疑问句用降调，如：(3)语调(Intonation)英语的语调有多种，最基本的有升调和降调两种。语调会影响到说话人要表达的意图。英语句子的语调大约有以下几种情况：This is a cat.How nice you are!Come in.Who is he?2.一般疑问句用升调，如：Is this a book?Can you swim?Do you like English?陈述句有时也可用升调，起疑问句的作用，如：A hen?Is this a hen?特殊疑问句有时也可用升调，如：What did you say?3.选择疑问句中，or前用升调，句末用降调，如：Is it a cat or a dog?Are you going to see a film or watch TV?4.反意疑问句中，陈述部分用降调，附加部分用升调，如：Shes a teacher, isnt she?Theres a book in the bag, isnt there?有些反意疑问句答语已经知道，用疑问句形式只是客套，不要求对方作答，则前后两部分都用降调，如：Its a fine day, isnt it?在英语的句子中，并不是每一个词都读得一样重，而只是把一些重要的词重读，使这些词发音响亮而清晰，便于别人听懂意思，而把一些次要的词弱读。(4)重读和节奏(Stress and rhythm) 英语十类词:英语十类词，一定要记住,名代动形副，介连冠感数，名词单复数，可数不可数；代词主宾格，代词物主格；动词分两类，及物不及物；还有形容词，关键比较级；副词时地频，有时有比较；介词短语多，时间地点等；连词分两类，并列和从属；冠词有两种，定冠不定冠；感叹词表感情，喜怒和哀乐；数词记两种，基数和序数。1. 一般说来，句子中的名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词等实词要重读，而冠词、介词、连词和代词等虚词一般不重读。2. 代词中的疑问代词、反身代词、指示代词、名词性物主代词和某些不定代词（both, neither等）常重读。3. 但动词中的助动词和系动词be常不重读（但在简短回答句的句末要重读，如：?Yes, I ?can. ?Yes, it ?is.）。4. 双音节的介词和连词（如after, before, because等）可以重读。5. 有一些经常不重读的词还有弱读形式，如from/frEm/, them/DEm/, the/DE/, are/E/, to/tE/等。在句子中重读音节和非重读音节是交替出现的，每个重读音节的间隔大体相同，好像音乐中的重拍和轻拍交替出现一样，这就形成了句子的节奏。O o | O o o | O o | O - |?Nan-cy ?works at a ?bank in ?town.o | O - | O o | O o o | O |Im ?so ?glad to ?see you a- ?gain.o | O o | O - | O o o | O o | I ?al- ways ?have ?break -fast at ?sev -en.(1) O o O?Whats your ?name?Whats the ?time?(2) o O oI ?like him. He ?likes me.Im ?hungry.(3) o O OIts ?too ?short. Youre ?not ?late. It ?doesnt ?work. I ?dont ?know.(4) O o O o?Nice to ?meet you.?Let me ?help you.?Whos the ?doctor?Who can ?help me?(5) O o o O?How do you ?do?Where is my ?doll?This is my ?friend. ?What can you ?do?Open the ?door.?Who is the ?boy?What do you ?say?Whats on the ?desk?试朗读下列句子，注意节奏（O表示重读音节，o表示非重读音节）(6) O O o O?Lets ?make a ?shirt. ?Lets ?run a ?race.?Lets ?play a ?game.(7) O o O O?What a ?fine ?day!?What a ?big ?cake!(8) o O o OMy ?name is ?Eve.Is ?that a ?cat?The ?shirt is ?red.It ?isnt a ?pig.Im ?not a ?boy. I ?want to ?go.Please ?have the ?cake.(9) O o o O o?Whats on the ?table? ?This is my ?brother.?Who is the ?teacher? (10)o O o O oThe ?hat is ?yellow. Its ?near the ?window.Is ?this your ?mother?(11)o O O o OWe ?cant ?let him ?in. He ?cant ?do the ?work.She ?doesnt ?like to ?sing.(12)o o O o OHes my ?brother ?Pete. I can ?see some ?birds.I can ?bend my ?legs.Can you ?help the ?boy?(13)O o O o O?Let me ?get the ?pears. ?Tom can ?see a ?pig.?Eve can ?stay at ?home.(14)o O o o OHes ?reading a ?book.Its ?Sunday to?day.(15)O o O o o OLet me ?open the ?door.(16)O o o O o o?What can you ?see in it?What can I ?do for you?(17)O O o o o O?What ?colour is your ?dress?(18)o o O o o O oWe are ?brother and ?sister.朗读练习：朗读下面的短文，注意失爆、连读、语调和节奏。?Helen ?works in ?Paris. She ?comes from ?England. Her ?fatherand ?mother ?live in ?London. She ?goes back to ?see them ?every ?three ?months. She ?doesnt ?like ?travelling by ?plane. So she ?always ?goes by ?car or by ?train. ?Sometimes she ?goes by ?ship. Her ?friend ?Bruce is from ?London, ?too. He ?has a ?small ?plane of his own. ?This time he ?asks ?Helen to ?take his ?plane. ?Helen is ?worried. But ?Bruce ?says it is ?safe to ?ride in a plane. At ?last ?Helen a?grees to ?go with him. They ?get on the ?plane and ?Brucebegins to start it. ?Helen is a?fraid, so she ?closes her ?eyes. ?After a ?moment she ?opens her ?eyes and ?looks out of the window. Then she ?says to ?Bruce, “?Look at ?these ?people ?down there, They ?look ?like ?ants.” “These are ?really ?ants,” said ?Bruce, “We are ?still on the ?ground.”