2015届高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧.ppt

阅读理解解题技巧阅读理解解题技巧有关阅读理解题目主要有以下几种有关阅读理解题目主要有以下几种: :命命 题题 类类主旨大意主旨大意事实细节事实细节 词词 义义 猜猜 测测 推推 理理 判判 断断 作作 者者 的的 态态 度度 意意 图图考例分析考例分析 Going green seems to be fad(时尚时尚)for a lot of people these days. Whether that is good or bad, we cant really say, but for the tow of us, going green is not a fad but a lifestyle.On April22, 2011, we decided to go green every single day for an entire year. This meant doing 365 different green things, and it also meant challenging ourselves to go green beyond easy things. Rather than recycle and reduce our energy, we had to think of 365 different green things to do and this was no easy task. 60. What might be the best title for the passage? A. Going Green B. Protecting the Planet. C. Keeping Open-Minded D. Celebrating Our Green Year.A. Going Green 主旨大意型主旨大意型 考查学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理考查学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题主题,标题或目的设题。标题或目的设题。一、设题方式一、设题方式1) 主题型主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式主旨大意题的题干表现形式The main idea of the passage is The passage is mainly about What is the passage mainly about?Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?2) 目的类目的类主旨大意题主旨大意题The passage is meant to The purpose of this article is to The author intends to.3) 标题类标题类主旨大意题主旨大意题The best title for the passage might be 二、如何做主旨大意题二、如何做主旨大意题1) 主旨大意题属于归纳概括题。如有主旨大意题属于归纳概括题。如有标题标题，标题标题中蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。中蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。2) 找准文章的主题句是关键找准文章的主题句是关键。“主题句定位法主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。在答题时，我们可以：是一种行之有效的方法。在答题时，我们可以： 读首句读首句抓大意抓大意 读尾句读尾句抓大意抓大意 读首尾段读首尾段抓大意抓大意3) 无明显主题句时无明显主题句时高频信息词高频信息词 任一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有任一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的反复出现的中心词，即高频词中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词也叫做主题词。抓住了它，。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。便容易抓住文章的中心。Sample 1People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. （1）主题句在）主题句在段首段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头开头，其后的句子，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在则是论证性细节。在论说文论说文，科技文献科技文献和和新闻报新闻报道道中多采用这种格式。中多采用这种格式。 Sample 2Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. （2）主题句也会出现在）主题句也会出现在段尾段尾。 作者先摆出事实依据作者先摆出事实依据，层层推理论证层层推理论证，最后自最后自然得出然得出结论结论，即段落的主题。本段的中心思即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在想在结尾句结尾句得到体现得到体现，它是此段内容的结论。它是此段内容的结论。 Sample 3 Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career.” Shu said. “The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes.” Shu said.（3 3）首尾呼应首尾呼应为突出主题为突出主题, , 作者先提出主题作者先提出主题, , 结尾时再次点出结尾时再次点出主题主题, , 这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见. . 通通常常, , 前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, , 后面后面的表述往往有的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味进一步的引申或发展的意味. .Sample 4Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. （4 4）在短文）在短文中间中间 当主题句被安排在段中间时当主题句被安排在段中间时, , 通常前面只提出通常前面只提出问题问题， 文中的文中的主题主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出辑的引申在文中导出, , 而后又作进一步的而后又作进一步的解释解释, , 支撑或发展支撑或发展. . 1)关注一些表征强转折关系的连词关注一些表征强转折关系的连词 “but, yet, however, in fact, indeed,”等，等，这些词后面连接的通常都是一段话的主题这些词后面连接的通常都是一段话的主题句。句。 2) 关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词：关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词： “in brief/short, above/in/after/all in all, conclusion, in a word”等，这些词后面连等，这些词后面连接的通常也都是一段话的主题句。接的通常也都是一段话的主题句。 3) 如果主题句含有如果主题句含有show, indicate和和suggest等词，重点看其后的宾语从句。等词，重点看其后的宾语从句。 主题句在短文主题句在短文中间中间 Sample 5 A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction. In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining. Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones. (5) 从段落中从段落中寻找高频率词寻找高频率词任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即现的中心词，即高频词高频词，也叫也叫做主题词做主题词 Sample 5 The passage is mainly about _. A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road C. the construction of two railways D. the design of two tunnels 1.Lung cancer is the worst cancer killer in America . About 160,440 Americans die each year from it. More than 87 percent of lung cancers are smoking related, according to the Lung Cancer Organization.A.Lung cancer is the No.1 cancer killer B.Smoking is a bad habitC.LCO advises people to stop smokingD.Why did people die of Lung cancer?The main idea of the passage is _.2.Many people write to newspapers and magazines to express their opinions. Name or no name ? The answer is very personal and lies in how much we want to. We all have a name. It is a matter of responsibility to use it when we make a statement, a claim or an accusation. We all want to honor our own name, and it is only by stamping our expression of an opinion with our name that we honor what we say. The passage is mainly about_. A. honor and writers B. identity and signature C. signature(签名) and responsibility D. anonymity and signature3. Forget Twitter and Facebook, Google and the Kindle. Television is still the most influential medium around. Indeed ,for many of the poorest regions(地区)of the world, it remains the next big thingfinally becomes globally available. And that is a good thing, because the TV revolution is changing lives for the better Too much TV has been associated with violence, overweight and loneliness. However, TV is having a positive influence on the lives of billions worldwide The author intends to . A. stress the advantages of TV to peoples lives B. persuade women to become more independent C. encourage people to improve their reading skills D. introduce the readers some websites such as Google4 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it? What is the main idea ?A. Smoking can cause cancer. B. Smoking is a terrible killer C. Smoking is harmful to our health. D. An experiment on smoking. .5.Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance. What is the main idea of the passage? A.A professional criminal looks more innocent than others. B.Dont judge others by appearance. C.So, it is foolish to judge a person only by his appearance D.Try to judge a person only by his appearance Summary主旨大意题主旨大意题 （做题要领）1. 干扰项干扰项 可能属文中某个具体事实或细节。可能属文中某个具体事实或细节。2. 干扰项干扰项 可能属从文中某些可能属从文中某些 (不完全的不完全的) 事事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。实或细节片面推出的错误结论。3. 干扰项干扰项 可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。(正确答案正确答案) 是根据文章意思全面是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出来的；但不能太笼统、理解而归纳概括出来的；但不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。言过其实或以偏概全。4 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it? What is the main idea ?A. Smoking can cause cancer. B. Smoking is a terrible killer C. Smoking is harmful to our health. D. An experiment on smoking. .某个具体事实或细节某个具体事实或细节片面推出的错误结论片面推出的错误结论某个具体事实或细节某个具体事实或细节 视幅较小：一目一词，甚至逐词逐字，逐个字母视幅较小：一目一词，甚至逐词逐字，逐个字母地看地看 过多地回视：每读几句又回过头来看一遍过多地回视：每读几句又回过头来看一遍 不好的朗读的习惯不好的朗读的习惯 读读停停读读停停 其它不良习惯：精力不集中，窜行，用手或笔一其它不良习惯：精力不集中，窜行，用手或笔一个个指着要读的字母，摇头晃脑，腿脚颤动个个指着要读的字母，摇头晃脑，腿脚颤动不良阅读习惯的表现不良阅读习惯的表现培养良好的阅读习惯培养良好的阅读习惯1、按意群阅读，扩大视幅。、按意群阅读，扩大视幅。2、阅读时少用或不用词典。、阅读时少用或不用词典。3 、了解英语语言国家的文化背景知识、了解英语语言国家的文化背景知识4、养成默读习惯，使注意力集中在文字符号、养成默读习惯，使注意力集中在文字符号上，纠正唇读，心读，喉读等做法，以免上，纠正唇读，心读，喉读等做法，以免分散精力，影响阅读速度。分散精力，影响阅读速度。5、克服指读、回视、重读等不良习惯，因为、克服指读、回视、重读等不良习惯，因为这样容易使理解只停留在某个词或句子上，这样容易使理解只停留在某个词或句子上，使获得的信息支离破碎。要善于抓住句子使获得的信息支离破碎。要善于抓住句子中的核心词，从一个句子快速地扫视到另中的核心词，从一个句子快速地扫视到另一个句子，进行连贯性理解。一个句子，进行连贯性理解。Homework阅读理解C D两篇