《2020年森林资源评估》主要发现-16正式版.pdf
GlobalForestResourcesAssessment2020Key findingsRequired citation: FAO. 2020. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings. Rome. https:/doi.org/10.4060/ca8753enThe designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. FAO, 2020Some rights reserved. 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The original Language edition shall be the authoritative edition.”Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http:/www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL).Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user.Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications-salesfao.org. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: copyrightfao.org.This publication contains the main findings of the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 (FRA 2020). The data in FRA 2020 the “backbone” of the assessment have been obtained through a transparent, traceable reporting process and a well-established network of officially nominated national correspondents. The application of a standardized reporting methodology enables the monitoring of change over time in parameters such as forest area, management, ownership and use and the aggregation of data at the regional and global levels. The information provided by FRA presents a comprehensive view of the worlds forests and the ways in which the resource is changing. Such a clear global picture supports the development of sound policies, practices and investments affecting forests and forestry. FRA is the mechanism for collecting data on two forest-related indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which the United Nations General Assembly adopted in 2015. Specifically, data submitted to FRA contribute to reporting on SDG indicator 15.1.1 (forest area as a proportion of total land area in 2015) and indicator 15.2.1 (progress towards sustainable forest management). 1 Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findingsForests cover nearlyone-third of the land globally The world has a total forest area of 4.06 billion hectares (ha), which is 31 percent of the total land area. This area is equivalent to 0.52 ha per person1 although forests are not distributed equally among the worlds peoples or geographically. The tropical domain has the largest proportion of the worlds forests (45 percent), followed by the boreal, temperate and subtropical domains.More than half (54 percent) of the worlds forests is in only five countries the Russian Federation, Brazil, Canada, the United States of America and China. 1 Calculated assuming a global population of 7.79 billion people, as estimated in United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2019. World Population Prospects 2019, Online Edition.%RussianFederation815Brazil497UnitedStates ofAmerica310China220Rest ofthe world1 870Boreal27%Temperate16%Tropical45%Subtropical11%Proportion and distribution of global forest area by climatic domain, 2020Top five countries for forest area, 2020 (million ha)201298546Canada347%RussianFederation815Brazil497UnitedStates ofAmerica310China220Rest ofthe world1 870Top five countries for forest area, 2020 (million ha)201298546Canada347Source: Adapted from United Nations World map, 2020.2 Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findingsThe worlds forest area is decreasing,but the rate of loss has slowed The world has lost 178 million ha of forest since 1990, which is an area about the size of Libya. The rate of net forest loss decreased substantially over the period 19902020 due to a reduction in deforestation in some countries, plus increases in forest area in others through afforestation and the natural expansion of forests. The rate of net forest loss declined from 7.8 million ha per year in the decade 19902000 to 5.2 million ha per year in 20002010 and 4.7 million haper year in 20102020. The rate of decline of net forest loss slowed in the most recent decade due to a reduction in the rate of forest expansion.FAO defines deforestation as the conversion of forest to other land uses (regardless of whether it is human-induced). “Deforestation” and “forest area net change” are not the same: the latter is the sum of all forest losses (deforestation) and all forest gains (forest expansion) in a given period. Net change, therefore, can be positive or negative, depending on whether gains exceed losses, or vice versa. 3210-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8Million ha per year199020002000201020102020Asia199020002000201020102020OceaniaEuropeNorth and Central AmericaSouth AmericaAfricaGlobal annual forest area net change,by decade, 19902020-4.7-5.2-7.83 Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findingsAfrica has the highest net loss of forest area Africa had the largest annual rate of net forest loss in 20102020, at 3.9 million ha, followed by South America, at 2.6 million ha. The rate of net forest loss has increased in Africa in each of the three decades since 1990. It has declined substantially in South America, however, to about half the rate in 20102020 compared with 20002010.Asia had the highest net gain of forest area in 20102020, followed by Oceania and Europe.2 Nevertheless, both Europe and Asia recorded substantially lower rates of net gain in 20102020 than in 20002010. Oceania experienced net losses of forest area in the decades 19902000 and 20002010. 2 According to the regional breakdown used in FRA 2020, Europe includes the Russian Federation.Annual forest area net change, by decade and region, 199020203210-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8Million ha per year3210-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8Million ha per year199020002000201020102020AsiaOceaniaEuropeNorth and Central AmericaSouth AmericaAfricaGlobal annual forest area net change,by decade, 19902020-4.7-5.20.20.22.41.20.40.80.31.2-0.2-0.2-0.3-0.1-5.1-5.2-2.6-3.3-3.4-3.94 Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findingsDeforestation continues, but at a lower rate An estimated 420 million ha of forest has been lost worldwide through deforestation since 1990, but the rate of forest loss has declined substantially. In the most recent five-year period (20152020), the annual rate of deforestation was estimated at 10 million ha, down from 12 million ha in 20102015. Annual rate of forest expansion and deforestation, 19902020Million ha per year19902000200020102010201520152020151050-5-10-15-20Forest expansionDeforestation8-1610-157-125-10More than 90 percent of the worlds forestshave regenerated naturally Ninety-three percent (3.75 billion ha) of the forest area worldwide is composed of naturally regenerating forests and 7 percent (290 million ha) is planted. The area of naturally regenerating forests has decreased since 1990 (at a declining rate of loss), but the area of planted forests has increased by 123 million ha. The rate of increase in the area of planted forest has slowed in the last ten years. 5 Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findingsPlantations account forabout 3 percent of the worlds forests Plantation forests cover about 131 million ha, which is 3 percent of the global forest area and 45 percent of the total area of planted forests. Plantation forests are intensively managed, composed of one or two species, even-aged, planted with regular spacing, and established mainly for productive purposes. Other planted forests, which comprise 55 percent of all planted forests, are not intensively managed, and they may resemble natural forests at stand maturity. The purposes of other planted forests may include ecosystem restoration and the protection of soil and water values.%93Naturally regeneratingforest3Plantation forestOther planted forestNaturally regenerating versus planted forests, 2020 (% of global forest area)4Million ha per year6420-2-4-6-8-10-12-14199020002000201020102020Naturally regenerating forestPlanted forestAnnual net change in area of naturally regenerating and planted forest, by decade, 19902020453-12-10-86 Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findingsThe highest share of plantation forest is in South America, where this forest type represents 99 percent of the total planted-forest area and 2 percent of the total forest area. The lowest share of plantation forest is in Europe, where it represents 6 percent of the planted forest estate and 0.4 percent of the total forest area. Globally, 44 percent of plantation forests are composed mainly of introduced species. There are large differences between regions: for example, plantation forests in North and Central America mostly comprise native species and those in South America consist almost entirely of introduced species. Proportion of introduced and native species in plantation forest, by region, 2020Introduced speciesNative species01020304050%60708090100AfricaAsiaEuropeNorth and Central AmericaOceaniaSouth AmericaWorld7 Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findingsMore than 700 million ha of forest is in legally established protected areas There is an estimated 726 million ha of forest in protected areas worldwide. Of the six major world regions, South America has the highest share of forests in protected areas, at 31 percent.The area of forest in protected areas globally has increased by 191 million ha since 1990, but the rate of annual increase slowed in 20102020. Primary forests cover about 1 billion haThe world still has at least 1.11 billion ha of primary forest that is, forests composed of native species in which there are no clearly visible indications of human activities and the ecological processes have not been significantly disturbed. Combined, three countries Brazil, Canada and the Russian Federation host more than half (61 percent) of the worlds primary forest. The area of primary forest has decreased by 81 million ha since 1990, but the rate of loss more than halved in 20102020 compared with the previous decade. Proportion of forest in protected areas, by region, 2020AfricaAsiaEuropeNorth and Central AmericaOceaniaSouth AmericaWorld0510152025%303527%25%6%11%16%31%18%8 Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findingsMore than 2 billion ha of forest has management plansMost of the forests in Europe have management plans; on the other hand, management plans exist for less than 25 percent of forests in Africa and less than 20 percent in South America. The area of forest under management plans is increasing in all regions globally, it has increased by 233 million ha since 2000, reaching 2.05 billion ha in 2020. 3 The latest year for which data are available.Proportion of forest area with long-term management plans, by region, 2020AfricaAsiaEuropeNorth and Central AmericaOceaniaSouth AmericaWorld01020304050%6070809010024%64%59%31%17%54%96%Fire is a prevalent forest disturbance in the tropics Forests face many disturbances that can adversely affect their health and vitality and reduce their ability to provide a full range of goods and ecosystem services. About 98 million ha of forest were affected by fire in 2015;3 this was mainly in the tropical domain, where fire burned about 4 percent of the total forest area in that year. More than two-thirds of the total forest area affected was in Africa and South America. Insects, diseases and severe weather events damaged about 40 million ha of forests in 2015, mainly in the temperate and boreal domains.9 Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings4 As of 2015, the latest year for which global data are available.The worlds forests are mostly publicly owned, but the share of privately owned forests has increased since 1990 Seventy-three percent of the worlds forests is under public ownership,4 22 percent is privately owned, and the ownership of the remainder is categorized as either “unknown” or “other” (the latter mainly comprising forests where ownership is disputed or in transition). Public ownership is predominant in all regions and most subregions. Of the regions, Oceania, North and Central America and South America have the highest proportions of private forests.Globally, the share of publicly owned forests has decreased since 1990 and the area of forest under private ownership has increased.Forest ownership, by region, 2015Public0102030405060708090100PrivateUnknown/other%AfricaAsiaEuropeNorth andCentral AmericaOceaniaSouthAmericaWorld10 Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findingsPublic administrations hold management rights to 83 percent of the publicly owned forest area globally. Management by public administrations is particularly predominant in South America, where it accounts for 97 percent of management responsibility i
