跨文化交际期末复习资料知识点总结详细.docx

跨文化交际期末复习资料知识点总结详细跨文化交际期末温习资料知识点总结具体跨文化交际期末温习资料知识点总结具体InterculturalcommunicationinEnglish1.Globalization(what&why)1)Dictionary:toorganizeorestablishworldwide2)Wiki:Globalizationreferstotheincreasinglyglobalrelationshipsofculture,peopleandeconomicactivity.3)Globalizationreferstotheestablishmentofaworldeconomy,inwhichnationalbordersarebecominglessandlessimportantastransnationalcorporations,existingeverywhereandnowhere,dobusinessinaglobalmarket.4)Globalizationrefersto“time-spacescompression.Thatis,thewayinwhichtheworldappearstobegettingsmaller.(Reasons:theincreasingglobalmobilityofpeople;theimpactofnewelectronicmediaonhumancommunications)5)Atthesametime,peopleallovertheworldarefacedwiththesameenvironmentalissuesthataffectallcultures.6)Globalinstabilitystemsfromclashesbetweenculturesashumankindcreatescatastrophes(灾难)thatarefarworsethannaturaldisasters.7)Cultureinterdependence:peoplefromdifferentculturesattempttogetalongwitheachotherandtrytodecreaseconflicts.Drivingforce:technology,particularlytelecommunications,computers2.Culture1)Peoplewhoareraisedorliveinaparticularplaceprobablyspeakthesamelanguage,holdmanyofthesamevalues,andcommunicateinsimilarways.2)thegroupofpeoplewhosharethesameancestry3)commoditiesorproductsthatareinternationallyexportedandimported4)aparticularwaytosatisfyourhumanneeds.Maslow:physiological,safety,belongingness,esteem,self-actualization5)Thecoherentlearned,sharedviewofagroupofpeopleaboutlifesconcernsthatrankswhatisimportant,furnishesattitudesaboutwhatthingsareappropriateanddictatesbehavior.6)Cultureiscoherent,learned,theviewofagroupofpeople,rankswhatisimportant,furnishesattitudes2.1elementsofcommunication1)Context:theinterrelatedconditionsofcommunication(aspects:physicalsettings,historical,psychological,culture)2)Participants:theparticipantsincommunicationplaytherolesofsenderandreceiver,sometimesofthemessagessimultaneously.3)Messages:elements:meanings,symbols,encodinganddecoding.4)Channels:achannelisboththeroutetraveledbythemessageandthemeansoftransportation.5)Noise:noiseisanystimulus,externalorinternaltotheparticipants,thatinterfereswiththesharingofmeaning.Theyinclude:externalnoise,internalnoise,semanticnoise6)Feedback:somekindofverbalornonverbalresponse3.Differentlands,differentfriendships跨文化交际期末温习资料知识点总结具体跨文化交际期末温习资料知识点总结具体1)European:friendshipisquitesharplydistinguishedfromother,morecasualrelations,andisdifferentlyrelatedtofamilylife.2)American:afriendshipmaybesuperficial,casual,situationalordeepandenduring.3)French:Fisonetoonerelationshipthatdemandsakeenawarenessoftheotherpersonsintellect,temperamentandparticularinterests;friendsgenerallyareofthesamesex;disagreementandargumentarethebreathoflive;compartmentalized(amanplaychesswithafriendforyearswithoutknowinghispoliticalopinion)4)Germany:Fismuchmorearticulatelyamatteroffeeling;friendsarebroughttothefamily;disagreementonanysubjectthatmatterstobothisatragedy.5)English:Fisbasedonsharedactivity,andareformedoutsidethefamilycircle.4.ComparingandcontrastingculturesFrederick:Humannatureorientation;man-natureorientation;timeorientation;activityorientation;socialorientationKluckhohnsandStrodtbeck:Humannature;relationshipofmantonature;senseoftime;activity;socialrelationships4.1Culturaldimensions(GeertHofstede)IndividualismversuscollectivismUncertaintyavoidancePowerdistanceMasculinityversusfemininityLong-termversusshort-termorientation5.High&lowcontextculturesAdding:fromwikipediaLowcontextcultureandthecontrasting"highcontextculture"aretermspresentedbytheanthropologistEdwardT.HallinhisbookBeyondCulture.Lowcontextculturereferstoaculturestendencynottocatertowardsin-groups.An"in-group"isdefinedbytheauthorsasbeingadiscretegrouphavingsimilarexperiencesandexpectations,fromwhich,inturn,inferencesaredrawn.Lowcontextcultures,suchasGermanyortheUnitedStatesmakemuchlessextensiveuseofsuchsimilarexperiencesandexpectationstocommunicate.Muchmoreisexplainedthroughwordsorverbalization,insteadofthecontext.Highcontextcultureandthecontrasting"lowcontextculture"aretermspresentedbytheanthropologistEdwardT.Hallinhis1976bookBeyondCulture.Itreferstoaculture'stendencytousehighcontextmessagesoverlowcontextmessagesinroutinecommunication.Thischoiceofcommunicationstylestranslatesintoaculturethatwillcatertoin-groups,anin-groupbeingagroupthathassimilarexperiencesandexpectations,fromwhichinferencesaredrawn.Inahighcontextculture,manythingsareleftunsaid,lettingthecultureexplain.Wordsandwordchoicebecomeveryimportantinhighercontextcommunication,sinceafewwordscancommunicateacomplexmessageveryeffectivelytoanin-group(butlesseffectivelyoutsidethatgroup),whileinalowercontextculture,thecommunicatorneedstobemuchmoreexplicitandthevalueofasinglewordislessimportant.6.Howislanguagerelatedtoculture?1)Cultureandlanguageareintertwinedandshapeeachother.跨文化交际期末温习资料知识点总结具体跨文化交际期末温习资料知识点总结具体2)Cultureinfluenceslanguagebywayofsymbolsandrulesforusingthosesymbols,aswellasourperceptionsoftheuniverse.3)Alllanguageshavesocialquestionsandinformationquestions.Themeaningcomesoutofthecontext,theculturalusage.4)Languagereflectsculturalvalues.5)Sometimesdifferentculturesuseidenticalwordsthathaveratherdifferentmeanings.Theresultscanbehumorous,annoying,orcostly,dependingonthecircumstances.6)Eveniftwopeoplefromdifferentculturescanspeakacommonlanguage,theymaymisinterprettheculturalsignals.7)Tosummarize,inthecultureitself,language-and-cultureisembeddedinculturalproducts,practices,perspectives,communities,andpersons.Onereflectstheother,andtheyarebestseemasjoined.Language,asaproductofculture,isinfusedwithculture.7.Thesapir-whorthypothesis8.Nonverbalcommunication(what)Nonverbalcommunicationisusuallyunderstoodastheprocessofcommunicationthroughsendingandreceivingwordless,(mostlyvisual)messagesbetweenpeople.Messagescanbecommunicatedthroughgesturesandtouch,bybodylanguageorposture,byfacialexpressionandeyecontact.Nonverbalmessagescouldalsobecommunicatedthroughmaterialexponential;meaning,objectsorartifacts(suchasclothing,hairstylesorarchitecture).Speechcontainsnonverbalelementsknownasparalanguage,includingvoicequality,rate,pitch,volume,andspeakingstyle,aswellprosodicfeaturessuchasrhythm,intonation,andstress.Likewise,writtentextshavenonverbalelementssuchashandwritingstyle,spatialarrangementofwords,orthephysicallayoutofapage.However,muchofthestudyofnonverbalcommunicationhasfocusedonface-to-faceinteraction,whereitcanbeclassifiedintothreeprincipalareas:environmentalconditionswherecommunicationtakesplace,physicalcharacteristicsofthecommunicators,andbehaviorsofcommunicatorsduringinteraction.I.e.voices,handshakes,handgestures,eyesmovement,faceexpressions(smile,laugh),touchingbehaviorItisgovernedbyculture.Functions:repeating,complementing,substituting,regulating,andcontradicting.9.SocialtimethepeculiaritiesofthePast-Present-Futureinsocialprocesses,andtheirunbreakableconnection.10.Improvinginterculturalcommunication1)Tobeginwithyourownculture,regardlessofwhatthatculturemightbe.2)Toidentifythoseattitudes,prejudices,andopinionsthatweallcarryaroundandthatbiasthewaytheworldappearstous.3)Tolearntorecognizeyourcommunicationstyle.Advices:1)Bothpartiesinvolvedininterculturalcommunicationshouldseekacommonlanguageandattempttounderstandculturaldifferencesinusingthelanguage.2)Todevelopempathy-beabletoseethingsfromthepointofviewofotherssothatwecanbetterknowandadjusttotheotherpeople.3)Tobeflexiblewhendecidingonhowtopresentyourselftoanotherperson.