跨文化交际期末复习_3.docx

跨文化交际期末复习跨文化交际期末温习跨文化交际期末温习跨文化交际期末温习Unit1TerminterpretationEconomicglobalization经济全球化Theintegrationofnationaleconomicsofnationaleconomicsintotheinternationaleconomythroughtrade,foreigndirectinvestment,capitalflows,migration,andthespreadofthetechnology.BarterSystem物物交换FarmingcommunitiestradedtheirsurplusproduceinexchangeforproductsandserviceswithoutthemediumofmoneyGlobalVillage地球村Allthedifferentpartsoftheworldfromonecommunitylinkedtogetherbyelectroniccommunications,especiallytheInternet.Meltingpot大熔炉ToassimilatetheculturesofdifferentbackgroundsCulturalDiversity文化多样性CountrieshavebeenmixedinsteadofassimilateBriefAnswer1.Whatarethefourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage?1)convenienttransportationsystems2)Innovativecommunicationsystems3)Economicglobalization4)widespreadmigration2.Whatarethethreeaspectswheretheculturaldifferencesexist?(选择)1)verbaldifference;language,thoughtpatterns2)Non-verbalcommunication;body-language,timeconcept,spaciouslanguage,paralanguage3)values;worldviews,beliefs,attitudesUnit1后半TerminterpretationCultureCulturecanbeseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture跨文化交际期末温习跨文化交际期末温习Enculturation文化习得TheprocessoflearningonesowncultureAcculturation文化适应AdaptthecultureslearningbytheotherculturesPs：文化习得，文化适应需要比照Ethnocentrism文化中心主义ThinkyourcultureissuperiortotheothersBriefAnswerWhatarethethreeingreduentsofculture?Products,behaviors,andideas.Howtounderstandculturaliceberg?Culturelikeanicebergcanbedividedintotwoparts:cultureabovethewaterlineandculturebelowthewaterline.Cultureabovethewaterlineisexplicit,visible,tangible,easytochangewithtime,atipoftheiceberg.Culturebelowthewaterlineisimplicit,invisible,intangible,hardtochangewithtime,themajorityWhatarethecharacteristicofculture?Cultureisdynamic,shared,learned,ethnocentric(文化中心主义)Unit2TerminterpretationSource发出信息的人PersonwhosendoutinformationEncoding编码TheprocessofputtingyourthoughtsintosymbolsMessageEncodedthoughtsChannel渠道ThewaythemessageisdeliveredDecoding解码AssignameaningtothewordsReceiverPersonwhoattendstotheinformationContext内容Thephysicalenvironmentthatsurroundus跨文化交际期末温习跨文化交际期末温习BriefAnswerWhatarethethreecharacteristicsofcommunication?简答/选择Communicationistransactional互换性,dynamic,irreversible,symbolic,systematicandcontextual.Whatarethethreebasicaspectstocommunication?Andonwhichaspectdoesthesuccessofinterpretationcommunicationgreatlydependon?Ourindividualpersonality,thecultureweoperatein,thephysicalenvironmentthatsurroundsus.Dependonthecultureweoperatein.Unit2后半TerminterpretationVerbalInterculturalCommunication非言语行为PeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewithotherpeoplethroughlanguagePragmatics语言学Thestudyoftheeffectthatlanguagehasonhumanperceptions感悟andbehaviorShortanswerquestion1.HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?InChinese,thesurnameisputbeforethegivenname.InAmerican,viceversa,thenameorder.Inrecentyears,manyEnglish-speakingpeopletendtoaddressothersbytheirgivennames,evenwhenmeetingforthefirsttime.ButinChinese,wetendtoaddresseachotherwiththefullname.AnothercommonChineseformofaddressistheuseofapersonstitleoffice,orprofessionTherefore,onecanconcludethattheChinesecustomsofaddressingmemberswiththekinshipterms(亲戚关系)evennotrelatedbybloodormarriage2.Whoshouldbeintroducedfirstinthewest?Thesenior,thefemale,theguest3.HowisChinesehospitalitydifferentfromAmericanhospitality?A:InChina,aguestusuallyobservestheprincipleofavoidingbringingtroubletothehost.InAmerican,incontrast,itisthehostwhotriestoavoidinterferinginguests跨文化交际期末温习跨文化交际期末温习freedomofactionbyleavingroomforthegueststomakechoices.B:TheChinesehostusuallygoestotroubletomakesurethereissomethingleftafterthemeal;the“wastefulnessofthispracticehasbeencriticizedinAmerican,andsomeadvocateorderingmoresensiblequantities.PS:1.appropriatetopicsi.eJimSmithUncleJim2.responsetocomplaint3.makeapologyUnit3TerminterpretationAculturalassumption文化定式AculturalassumptionIswhenweassumethatapersonhasparticularvaluesandattitudesbasedontheirculturalbackgrounds.BriefAnswerHowwouldAmericansmisunderstandtheChineseresponsestothecompliments?1.Inthefirstcase,theimplicationwasthatthepraisorhadpoorjudgement2.Thepraisorwasnotsincere3.TheChinesewouldbesuspectedof“fishingforcomplimentsWhyaretheChinesereluctanttopayacompliment?1.ThesamecomplimentwasgivenbyaChinesemantoaChinesewoman,thecomplimentcanbe.takenasakindofflirtation调戏2.Peoplearecautiousaboutdrawingalinebetweencomplimentandflattery.3.Apositivesubtleformofrequest.重要HowistheChinesedifferentfromAmericansinexpressinggratitude?1.Chinesepeopledon'tusuallysay"thankyou"tothosewhoareverycloseandwhoareinalowerposition.ThankyouisverycommoninAmerican,sotheytendtothankpeoplealldaylongregardlessofrelationship2.TraditionalChinesecustomsdon'trequirepeopletoexpressthanksforthesmallfavorsTheAmericanswouldthankyouallthewayforverysmallandmostordinarythings.Unit4Terminterpretation跨文化交际期末温习跨文化交际期末温习Semantics语意学ThestudyofthemeaningofwordsDenotation本义Theliteral(字面意义)meaningordefinitionofaword-theexplict,particular,definedmeaningConnotation延伸义Extendedmeaningofassociatedmeanings,thesuggestive隐含meaning.Taboo禁忌语Somewords,objectsoractionsthatyoushouldavoidinacertainculture.Euphemism委婉语Theactofsubstitutingamild,indirectorvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensiveBriefAnswerWhatarethe4majorverbaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish?1.Aterminonelanguagedoesntnecessarilyhaveacounterpart(对等的人事物)intheotherlanguage.2.Wordsortermsinbothlanguagesappeartorefertothesameobjectorconceptonlyonthesurface,butactuallyrefertoquitedifferentthings3.Thingsorconceptsarerepresentedbyoneorperhapstwotermsinonelanguage,butbymanymoretermsintheotherlanguage,forexample,finerdistinctionsintheotherlanguage4.Termshavemoreorlessthesameprimarymeaning,buthavesecondaryoradditionalmeaningsthatmaydifferconsiderablyfromeachother.PS：makesomeexamplesforthedifferencesThethoughtpatternsofpeoplearoundtheworldTheUnitedStatesweremorelinearanddirectTheSemiticindividualssolvedproblemsusingacombinationoftangentialandsemi-directapproaches,Romanceiscircuitous(迂回)approachRussiansemployedacombinationofindirectandcircuitousapproachesUnit5(选择为主)TerminterpretationChroxemics时间学Monochronictime=M-time单时性文化跨文化交际期末温习跨文化交际期末温习Emphasisonschedules,segmentationandpromptness(efficiency)andpunctuality.Itfeaturesoneeventatatime.Polychronictime=P-time多时性文化practicedbymostotherpeoplesislessrigidandclock-bound.PeoplefromP-timeculturesscheduleseveralactivitiesatthesametime,andtimeforthemismoreflexibleandmorehuman-centeredProxemics空间学theperceptionanduseofspaceKinesics身势学morethanjusthandorarmgestures;itreferstoanylittlemovementofanypartofthebodyParalanguage副语言languageliesbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.Itinvolvessoundsbutnotwords,itmeansthesetofnonphonemicpropertiesofspeech,suchasspeakingtempo(节拍),vocalpitch音高andintonationalcontours语音语调BriefAnswerWherearethedifferentfeaturesofM-timeandP-time？M-time:meanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.Emphasisonschedules,segmentationandpromptness(efficiency)andpunctuality.Itfeaturesoneeventatatime.P-time:practicedbymostotherpeoplesislessrigidandclock-bound.PeoplefromP-timeculturesscheduleseveralactivitiesatthesametime,andtimeforthemismoreflexibleandmorehuman-centeredPS:1.touch/nontouchculture&long/shortbodydistancei.eArabtouch/shortUSAnontouch/medium2.seatChina:facingthedoorisdistinguishedUSA:acrossingthecornerUnit6BriefAnswerWhatisthedifferencebetweensexandgender?书P120表6.1Sex(生理性别)：biological(生理的),permanentandwithanindividualproperty跨文化交际期末温习跨文化交际期末温习Gender(社会性别)：socially-constructed,variedovertimeandacrossculturesandwithasocialandrelationalqualityInall,genderandsexarenotsynonymous.Whatarethetwoprimaryinfluencesonthesocialization?1.familycommunication,particularlybetweenmotherandchildren2.recreationalinteractionamongchildrenUnit7(以案例分析为主)BriefAnswerIdentifythecontrastbetweenhigh-contextandlow-contextcultureandthenuseittointerpretthedifferencebetweenAmericanandJapaneseorChinesenegotiatingstyle?1.Negotiationatmosphere:American:efficient,professionalism职业精神andcompromise(妥协，让步)Japanese:socializing,trustChinese:socialization2.DetailAmerican:thefacts,writtenagreementsorcontrastJapanese:fewerspecificissuesandlessdetailoriented,briefwrittenagreementsChinese:generalwrittenagreementsdoczj/doc/f7787a37996648d7c1c708a1284ac850ad0204aa.municationstyleAmerican:moreinterestedinlogicalargumentsthaninthepeopletheyaredealingwithdislikesilenceJapanese:encouragecovert,fragmentedChinese:avoidopenlyconfrontconflict4.Culturalvariationsinselectingnegotiators:American:technicalexpertise:youngernegotiatorsarecommon;womenareincluded;havingfullauthoritytomakedecisionsJapanese:(Chinese):Status,knowledge,age,seniority5.Problem-solvingProcessAmerican:universalproblemsolvers;rationalthinkingandconcretedata,utilizeafactualinductivestyleofpersuasionJapanese:consensus-buildingChinese:highlevelauthorities6.OrganizationalStructureAmerican:task-relatedstageisthemostimportant;negotiatingoutcomes跨文化交际期末温习跨文化交际期末温习dependoneventsatthenegotiationtableJapanese:pre-negotiationisslowlyandcautiously;mediatorisusedChinese:concessiononlycomesattheendUnit9BriefAnswerWhatcontrastingworldviewscanbedrawnfromBuddhismandChristianity?1.Chiristansseeseachonewasbornwithsinsandthereforeweshouldsalvageourselves(自己拯救).Thesalvationoftheindividualisachievedthroughhardworkandpiety.Christianityrecognizestheimportanceofworkandfreeownershipofproperty.2.Buddhistsbelievesthatthereisasupremeandwonderfultruththattheuniversesrunsbasedonadynamicbalance.Theydontattachthemselvestotheimpermanentobjectsandthepursuitofmaterialwell-being.Thus,littlesupportisaccordedtofreeenterprise.(重要)WhataretheAmerican/ChineseculturalvalueslikeintermsofCulturalOrientationputforwardbyKluekhohnandStrodthbeck?1.Humannature(人生)isevilbutperfectible(American)Goodbutcorruptible(Chinese)2.RelationtothenatureHumanbeingscan/shouldmaster/conquerwithnature(American)Liveharmoniouslywithnature(Chinese)3.SenseoftimeAmericansarefutureoriented.Chinesearepastoriented.4.AttitudestowardworkandhumanactivityAstoAmericans,doingleadstoexternal/achievementsChinese,being-and-becomingisakindofspiritualgoodofinnerharmonyandpeace.5.SocialrelationshipAmerican:Selfismoreimportantthangroup(individualism)Chinese:Incultureswithgroupvalues,peoplemakedecisionsbyconsemsus(重要)IdentifythefeaturesofeachoffourHofstedesculturaldimensionsandapplyitinthecasestudy辨别+分析+结合案例跨文化交际期末温习跨文化交际期末温习1.individualismVScollectivism(个人/集体主义)2.lowpowerdistanceVShighpowerdistance(远/近权利距离)3.masculinityVSfemulinity(男性/女性文化)4.lowuncertaintyavoidanceVShighuncertaintyavoidance(不确定性)5.highcontextcultureVSlowcontextculture考试题型1.T/FExerciseAUnit1-9原题2.Choice(单项选择)ExerciseE1/3会变1/3Unit5细节题Smilefriendness(USA)sharow(Korea)ThelandofsmileThailand1/3从简答题演变3.Termmatching(术语匹配)26选104.英译中预言，习语Unit1-4ExerciseCP74-76(见下)1.新官上任三把火。Anewbroomsweepsclean.2.人多好办事。Manyhandsmakelightwork3.今日事，今日毕。Dontputoffuntiltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday4.一箭双雕。Killtwobirdswithonestone.5.欲速则不达。Hastemakeswaste.6.无风不起浪。Wheretheressmoke,theresfire.7.这山望着那山高。Thegrassisalwaysgreenerontheothersideofthefence.8.美貌是浅薄的Beautyisonlyskindeep.9.玉不琢不成器。Sparetherodandspoilthechild.10.以其人之道还治其人之身。Giveapersonadoseofhisownmedicine.11.良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。Franksadviceislikegoodherbalmedicine:hardtotakebutultimatelybeneficial.跨文化交际期末温习跨文化交际期末温习12.瓜田不纳履，李下不整冠Neitheradjustyourshoeinamelonpatch;noryourhatunderaplumtree.13.一人得道，鸡犬升天Eventhedogswaggerswhenhismasterwinsfavor.14.越是不见越想念Absencemakestheheartgrowfonder.15.一天一苹果，医生远离我。Anappleadaykeepsthedoctoraway.16.莫惹是非。Letsleepingdogslie.17.年逾花甲不堪教。Youcantteacholddognewtricks.18.鱼与熊掌不可兼得Youcanthaveyourcakeandeatittoo.19.一个巴掌拍不响。Ittakestwotomakeaquarrel.20.锦上添花。Gildingthelily.21.喜出望外/晴天霹雳褒义/贬义Aboltfromtheblue.5.简答+案例分析详见Unit9