跨文化交际 期末复习资料.docx

跨文化交际期末复习资料跨文化交际期末温习资料跨文化交际期末温习资料Part1ComprehensiveCheck15*2每课的练习APart2MultipleChoice25*1每课的练习E温习题的变体；另外请中看第五章Part3E-CTranslation10*1每课的练习CPart4Term-matching10*1Part5Multiplefunction5*5其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。Terms/questions:1.Economicglobalization:theintegrationofnationaleconomiesintotheinternationaleconomythroughtrade,foreigndirectinvestment,capitalflows,migration,andthespreadoftechnology.2.BarbersystemFarmingcommunitiestradedtheirsurplusproduceinexchangeforproductsandserviceswithoutthemediumofmoney.Humansocietyhasalwaystradedgoodsacrossgreatdistances.3.Globalvillage：realtimeevents、thetimeandspacecompressionAllthedifferentpartsoftheworldformonecommunitylinkedtogetherbyelectroniccommunications,especiallytheInternet.4.Melting-pot大熔炉:asocio-culturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferentbackgroundsandnationalities.5.Diversity:referstothemixofpeoplefromvariousbackgroundsinthelaborforcewithafullmixofculturesandsub-culturestowhichmembersbelong.6.Interculturalcommunication:refertocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgroundsaredistinctenoughtoaltertheircommunicationevent.Perception7.Culture:canbeenseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture.Culture:alearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople8.Enculturation(文化习得):alltheactivitiesoflearningonesculturearecalledenculturation9.Acculturation(文化适应):theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.10.Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.11.Communication:meantosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.12.ComponentsofCommunication：Source交际邀请Thesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate.Encoding编码Unfortunately(orperhapsfortunately),humansarenotabletosharethoughtsdirectly.Yourcommunicationisintheformofasymbolrepresentingtheideayoudesiretocommunicate.Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.Message编码信息Thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthought.Encodingistheprocess,theverb;themessageistheresultingobject.Channel交际渠道Thetermchannelisusedtechnicallytorefertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.Thechannelormedium,then,maybeprint,electronic,orthelightandsoundwavesoftheface-to-facecommunication.跨文化交际期末温习资料跨文化交际期末温习资料Thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourceencodes.Receiver交际接受Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Decoding解码Decodingistheoppositeprocessofencodingandjustasmuchanactiveprocess.Thereceiverisactivelyinvolvedinthecommunicationprocessbyassigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived.Receiverresponse接受反响Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Receiverresponsereferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.Feedback反应Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning.Context场景Thefinalcomponentofcommunicationiscontext.Generally,contextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichthecommunicationtakesplaceandwhichhelpsdefinethecommunication.13.Pragmatics语用学:thestudyoftheeffectthatlanguagehasonhumanperceptionsandbehavior.14.Semantics语义学：asystemthatassociateswordstomeaning.Itisthestudyofthemeaningofwords.15.Denotation：theliteralmeaningordefinitionofaword-theexplicit,particular,definedmeaning.16.Connotation：thesuggestivemeaningofaword-allthevalues,judgment,andbeliefsimpliedbyawordthehistoricalandassociativeaccretionoftheunspokensignificancebehindtheliteralmeaning.17.Taboo禁忌语：referstosomeobjects,wordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.18.Euphemism委婉语：meanstheactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.19.Chronemics时间学：Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.20.Proxemics空间学：referstotheperceptionanduseofspace.21.kinesics肢体语言：Thestudyofbodylanguage.22.Paralanguage(副语言)：Involvingsoundsbutnotwordandlyingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.23.Monochronictime一元时间观念:meanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.24.Polychronictime多元时间观念:meansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce25.Planetaryculture行星文化:isexplored,whichintegratesEasternmysticismwithWesternscienceandrationalism.26.Interculturalpersonhood(跨文化人格)：Representssomeonewhosecognitive,affective,andbehavioralcharacteristicsarenotlimitedbutopentogrowthbeyondthepsychologicalparametersofhisorherownculture.跨文化交际期末温习资料跨文化交际期末温习资料1.Whatarethefourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage？P89Fourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage:Convenienttransportationsystems/Innovativecommunicationsystems/Economicglobalization/Widespreadmigrations2.Whatarethethreeaspectswhereculturaldifferencesexist?Verbaldifference:language,thoughtpatternsNon-verbalcommunication:body-language,timeconcept,spaciouslanguage,paralanguage,environmentPerception:values,worldviews,beliefs,attitudes3.Whatarethreeingredientsofculture?文化的三个成分threeIngredientsP56AnsharedartifactthematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproducesharedBehaviorwhattheydosharedConceptsbeliefs,values,worldviewswhattheythink4.HowtounderstandculturalIceberg?P67Likeanicebergwhatwecanseeaboutcultureisjustthetipoftheiceberg;themajorityofitisintangible,beyondsight.andthepartofculturethatisvisibleisonlyasmallpartofamuchbiggerwhole.Itissaidnine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurface.(Justasanicebergwhichhasavisiblesectionabovethewaterlineandalargerinvisiblesectionbelowthewaterline,culturehassomeaspectsthatareobservableandothersthatcanonlybesuspectedandimagined.Alsolikeaniceberg,thepartofculturethatisvisibleisonlyasmallpartofamuchbiggerwhole.Itissaidnine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurface.(P7)5.Whatarethetourcharacteristicsofculture?Dynamic/shared/learned/ethnocentricCultureisshared.Allcommunicationstakeplacebymeansofsymbols.Cultureislearned.Cultureislearned,notinherited.Itderivesfromonessocialenvironment,notfromonesgenes.Enculturation(文化习得):Alltheactivitiesoflearningonesculturearecalledenculturation.Cultureisdynamic.(P6)Cultureissubjecttochange.Itsdynamicratherthanstatic,constantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures.Acculturation(文化适应):theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.Cultureisethnographic(文化中心主义).Ethnographicisthebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.Ethnocentrism:thebeliefthatyourownculturebackgroundissuperior.6.Whatarethesixcharacteristicsofcommunication?Dynamic/irreversible/symbolic/systematic/transactional/contextualCommunicationisdynamic.Communicationisongoing,ever-changingactivity.Awordoractiondoesnotstayfrozenwhenyoucommunicate;itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanotherwordoraction.Communicationisirreversible.Oncewehavesaidsomethingandsomeoneelsehasreceivedanddecodedthemessage,theoriginalsendercannottakeitback.Communicationissymbolic.Symbolsarecentraltothecommunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthatarecommunicated.Symbolsarevehiclebywhichthethoughtsandideasofonepersoncanbecommunicatedtoanotherperson.CommunicationissystematicCommunicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargesystem.Ittakesplaceinaphysicalandasocialcontext;bothestablishtherulesthatgoverntheinteraction.Communicationistransactional.(P8)Atransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversation.Communicationiscontextual.(P8)Allcommunicationtakesplacewithinasettingorsituationcalledacontext.Bycontext,we跨文化交际期末温习资料跨文化交际期末温习资料meantheplacewherepeoplemeet,thesocialpurposeforbeingtogether,andthenatureoftherelationship.Thusthecontextincludesthephysical,social,andinterpersonalsettings.7.HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?(三方面)P2224InChinesethesurnamecomesfirstandisfollowedbythegivenname/butinEnglishthisorderisreversed.Addressingbynames:InChinaseniorityispaidrespectto.Juniorsaresupposedtoaddressseniorsinaproperway.Theuseofgivennamesislimitedtohusbandandwife,veryclosefriends,juniorsbyeldersorsuperiors/Nowadays,moreandmoreEnglish-speakingpeopleaddressothersbyusingthefirstname,evenwhenpeoplemeetforthefirsttime.(intimacyandequality)Addressingbyrelationship:Chineseoftenextendkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedbybloodormarriage.Thesetermsareusedafterthesurnametoshowpolitenessandrespect/TheEnglishequivalentsoftheabovekinshiptermsarenotsoused.Evenwithrelatives,Americanstendtousejustthefirstnameandleaveoutthetermofrelationship.Addressingbytitle,office,profession:AnothercommonChineseformofaddressistheuseofapersonstitle,office,professiontoindicatethepersonsinfluentialstatus.InEnglish,onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused.(P24)Americanstendtoregardtitlesastrivialunlesstheyhaveaclearideaofwhatkindofworkapersondoesandwhathisresponsibilitiesare.8.HowistheChinesewritingstyledifferenttheAmericanwritingstyle?TheChineseemployacircularapproachinwriting.Inthiskindofindirectwriting,thedevelopmentoftheparagraphmaybesaidtobeturningandturninginawideninggyre.Thecirclesorgyresturnaroundthesubjectandshowitfromavarietyoftangentialviews,butthesubjectisneverlookedatdirectly.Aparagraphissetoffbyanindentationofitsfirstsentencesorbysomeotherconventionaldevise,suchasextraspacebetweenparagraphs.Incontrast,theAmericansaredirectandlinearinwriting.AnEnglishexpositoryparagraphusuallybeginswithatopicstatement,andthen,byaseriesofsubdivisionsofthattopicstatement,eachsupportedbyexampleandillustrations,proceeds,todevelopthatcentralideaandrelatethatideatoallotherideasinthewholeessay,andtoemploythatideainproperrelationshipwiththeotherideas,toprovesomething,orperhapstoarguesomething.9.Whatarethedifferentfeatureofm-timeandp-time?P97M:DoonethingatatimeTaketimecommitmentsseriouslyArecommittedtothejobAdherereligiouslytoplansEmphasizepromptnessAreaccustomedtoshort-termrelationshipsP:DomanythingsatonceConsidertimecommitmentsanobjectivetobeachieved,ifpossibleArecommittedtopeopleandhumanrelationshipsChangeplansoftenandeasilyBasepromptnessontherelationshipHavestrongtendencytobuildlifetimerelationshipsM-timeisnotedforitsemphasisonschedules,segmentation,punctualityandpromptness.Itfeaturesoneeventatatimeandtimeisperceivedasalinearstructure.P-timeislessrigidandclock-bound.Itfeaturesseveralactivitiesatthesametimeandtimeisperceivedasmoreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.跨文化交际期末温习资料跨文化交际期末温习资料10.WhatdifferentworldviewcanbedrivefromBuddhismandChristianity?Buddhistsdonotbelieveinagodorgodswhocreatedtheworld.However,theydobelievethatthereisasupremeandwonderfultruththatwordscannotteach,andritualcannotattain.Buddhistsarenotfavorablydisposedtothenotionoffreeenterpriseandthepursuitofmaterialwell-being.Seenfromawesternworldview,havingnodesiresadverselyaffectsmotivesforpersonalenrichmentandgrowthgenerally.Thus,littlesupportisaccordedtofreeenterprise.Christianityrecognizestheimportanceofworkandfreeownershipofproperty.Protestant,inparticular,seesthesalvationoftheindividualthroughhardworkandpiety.11.WhatistheAmericanculturalvaluelikeintermsofvalueorientation?Asfarasthehumannatureisconcerned,theAmericancultureholdsthatitisevilbutperfectiblethroughhardwork.Astotherelationofmantonature,theythinkmankindcanconquerthenature.Theyalsohavealineartimeconceptandthereforetheyarefuture-oriented.Theyfocusondoingandthinkthatonlyactionscansolvetheproblem.Theyarequiteindividualisticandthereforetheyfocuslessonthebenefitsofthegroup.12.WhatistheChineseculturalvaluelikeintermsofvalueorientation?PWhatisthecharacterofinnatehumannature?Whatistherelationofmantonature?Whatisthetemporalfocusofhumanlife?Whatisthemodeofhumanactivity?Whatisthemodeofhumanrelationships?11.Itisevilbutperfectible/Mancanconquerthenature/present/being-orientedanon-developmentalmodelofsociety/Competitive12.Goodbutcorruptible/harmonywithnature/Past/being-and-becomingisakindofspiritualgoodofinnerharmonyandpeace/cooperation13.Howisgenderdifferentfromsex?P119120Sex:biological,permanent,withaindividualpropertyGender:sociallyconstructed,variedovertimeandacrosscultures,withasocialandrelationalquality14.WhatarethetwoprimaryinfluencesprocessesofGenderSocialization?P121FamilycommunicationRecreationalinteraction15.IdentifythefeaturesofeachoffourHofstedsculturaldimensionsandthecontrastbetweenhigh-contextandlow-contextculture.语境案例分析P192193IndividualismVScollectivism/MasculinityVSfemininity/Powerdistance/UncertaintyavoidanceHigh-contextVS.low-contextHigh-contextculturesassignmeaningtomanyofthestimulisurroundinganexplicitmessage.Inhigh-contextcultures,verbalmessageshavelittlemeaningwithoutthesurroundingcontext,whichincludestheoverallrelationshipbetweenallthepeopleengagedincommunication.Low-contextculturesexcludemanyofthosestimuliandfocusmoreintenselyontheobjectivecommunicationevent,whetheritbeaword,asentence,oraphysicalgesture.Inlow-contextcultures,themessageitselfmeanseverything.跨文化交际期末温习资料跨文化交际期末温习资料谚语：Strikewhiletheironishot趁热打铁Morehaste,lessspeed.欲速不达Topassfisheyesforpearls鱼目混珠asstubbornasamule犟得像头牛dumbbell笨蛋tofishintheair水底捞月todrinklikeafish牛饮asdryassawdust味同嚼蜡tobeattheendofonesrope山穷水尽landscapeengineer园林工人tonsorialartist理发师sanitationengineer清洁工shoerebuilder补鞋匠softinthehead发疯的recklessdisregardfortruth扯谎totakethingswithoutpermission偷窃industrialclimate劳资关系紧张justicehaslongarms天网恢恢，疏而不漏diamondcutdiamond棋逢对手goldensaying金玉良言fatoffice肥缺Youwillcrossthebridgewhenyougettoit船到桥头自然直betterbetheheadofadogthanthetailofalion宁为鸡头，勿为牛后treaduponeggs如履薄冰