全面解析托福浏览中动名词的5种用法.docx
全面解析托福浏览中动名词的5种用法全面解析托福浏览中动名词的5种用法托福浏览是托福考试中非常重要的项目,也是考生有很大时机获得高分的项目。下面为大家带来全面解析托福浏览中动名词的5种用法一文,希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。更多精彩敬请关注学习啦!全面解析托福浏览中动名词的5种用法1.动名词的否认式not+动名词2.动名词的完成式完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Hewaspraisedforhavingdoneagooddeed.3.动词+介词构成的短语,其后跟动名词做宾语be/getusedtofeellikeinsistondevotetoputofflookforwardtosucceedingetdowntosetaboutgiveup4.可置于名词前作定语,表示被修饰的名词的用处和性能awaitingcarawaitingroomasleepingboyasleepingbag5.动名词的复合构造形容词性的物主代词/名词所有格+动名词构=动名词的复合构造在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语等。物主代词和名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语。Doyoumindmy/mesmokinghere?Iinsistedonmyhusband/husbandspayingthebill.1)在白话和非正式英语中,这种构造不用在句首,常用人称代词宾格代替物主代词,用名词普通格代指所有格。如:Therearemanyreasonsforanimalsdyingout.2)假如动名词的复合构造在句首,就必须用形容词性的物主代词或名词所有格。如:Hissmokingcausedthefireintheforest.3)therebe的动名词的复合构造为therebeing如:Whatsthechanceoftherebeingaraintomorrow?托福浏览材料:埃及艳后传记AfterCaesarsassassinationin44BC,shealignedwithMarkAntonyinoppositiontoCaesarslegalheir,GaiusJuliusCaesarOctavianus(laterknownasAugustus).WithAntony,sheborethetwinsCleopatraSeleneIIandAlexanderHelios,andanotherson,PtolemyPhiladelphus(herunionswithherbrothershadproducednochildren).AfterlosingtheBattleofActiumtoOctaviansforces,Antonycommittedsuicide.Cleopatrafollowedsuit.Accordingtotradition,shekilledherselfbymeansofanaspbiteonAugust12,30BC.ShewasoutlivedbyCaesarion,whowasdeclaredpharaohbyhissupporters,butsoonkilledonOctaviansorders.EgyptthenbecametheRomanprovinceofAegyptus.在凯撒于公元前44年被谋杀之后,埃及艳后克里奥帕特拉与马克·安东尼(MarkAntony)联合起来对抗凯撒的法定继承人盖乌斯·尤利乌斯·凯撒·屋大维(GaiusJuliusCaesarOctavianus,他后来被称作奥古斯都,Augustus)。她与安东尼诞下了三个孩子:双胞胎姐弟克里奥帕特拉·赛勒涅二世(CleopatraSeleneII)和亚历山大·赫利俄斯(AlexanderHelios),以及幼子托勒密·菲拉德尔福斯(PtolemyPhiladelphus)。在此之前,克里奥帕特拉与她的兄弟们的结合并没有留下子嗣。在亚克兴战役(BattleofActium)中败给屋大维之后,安东尼选择了自杀,克里奥帕特拉也如此效仿。根据传统的记载,埃及艳后在公元前30年八月十二日引毒蛇将本人咬死。在她死后,其子凯撒里昂(Caesarion)被支持者拥护为法老,但他也很快被屋大维下令处死。从此,埃及变为了罗马的埃及行省(拉丁文写作Aegyptus)。RelationshipwithJuliusCaesarEagertotakeadvantageofJuliusCaesarsangertowardPtolemy,CleopatrahadherselfsecretlysmuggledintohispalacetomeetwithCaesar.Plutarch,inhisLifeofJuliusCaesargivesavividdescriptionofhowsheenteredpastPtolemysguardsrolledupinacarpetthatApollodorustheSicilianwascarrying.ShebecameCaesarsmistressandninemonthsaftertheirfirstmeeting,in47BC,Cleopatragavebirthtotheirson,PtolemyCaesar,nicknamedCaesarion,whichmeanslittleCaesar.埃及艳后克里奥帕特拉想要利用凯撒对托勒密的愤怒,便设法机密潜入凯撒的住处与他见面。普鲁塔克(Plutarch,罗马帝国时期的希腊历史学家)在他的凯撒传记中生动地描绘了这一经过:她将本人裹在毯子里,由西西里的阿波罗多鲁斯(ApollodorustheSicilian)扛进凯撒的住处,以此躲过托勒密的卫兵的眼睛。她成为了凯撒的情妇,并且在两人第一次见面的九个月之后,公元前47年,产下了他们的儿子托勒密·凯撒(PtolemyCaesar,)。他绰号凯撒里昂,意思是小凯撒“。Atthispoint,CaesarabandonedhisplanstoannexEgypt,insteadbackingCleopatrasclaimtothethrone.AfterMithridatesraisedthesiegeofAlexandria,CaesardefeatedPtolemysarmyattheBattleoftheNile;PtolemyXIIIdrownedintheNileandCaesarrestoredCleopatratoherthrone,withanotheryoungerbrotherPtolemyXIVashernewco-ruler.WhenCaesarleftEgypthestationedaRomanoccupyingarmyofthreelegionsthereunderthecommandofRufio.凯撒放弃了兼并埃及的计划,转而支持克里奥帕特拉获得王位。在米特里达梯(Mithridates)开场围攻亚历山大之后,凯撒在尼罗河战役中击败了托勒密的军队。托勒密十三世溺死在尼罗河中,而凯撒帮助克里奥帕特拉重夺王位,并且立她的另一个弟弟托勒密十四世(PtolemyXIV)为她的新共治者。凯撒离开埃及时留下了一支三个军团组成的罗马军队,交给鲁菲奥(Rufio)指挥。AlthoughCleopatrawas21yearsoldwhentheymetandCaesarwas52,theybecameloversduringCaesarsstayinEgyptbetween48BCand47BC.CleopatraclaimedCaesarwasthefatherofhersonandwishedhimtonametheboyhisheir,butCaesarrefused,choosinghisgrandnephewOctavianinstead.凯撒于公元前48年和47年在埃及逗留期间,尽管克里奥帕特拉当时仅有21岁而凯撒已经有52岁,他们还是成为了恋人。克里奥帕特拉声称凯撒是他儿子的生父,并且希望凯撒指定他们的孩子作为继承人。然而凯撒拒绝了她的要求,并将本人的甥孙屋大维(Octavian)立为继承人。Cleopatra,PtolemyXIVandCaesarionvisitedRomeinthesummerof46BC.TheEgyptianqueenresidedinoneofCaesarscountryhouses,whichincludedtheHortiCaesarisjustoutsideRome(asaforeignheadofstateshewasnotallowedinsideRomespomerium).TherelationshipbetweenCleopatraandCaesarwasobvioustotheRomanpeopleandcausedascandalbecausetheRomandictatorwasalreadymarriedtoCalpurniaPisonis.ButCaesarevenerectedagoldenstatueofCleopatrarepresentedasIsisinthetempleofVenusGenetrix(themythicalancestressofCaesarsfamily),whichwassituatedattheForumJulium.TheRomanoratorCicerosaidinhispreservedlettersthathehatedtheforeignqueen.CleopatraandherentouragewerestillinRomewhenCaesarwasassassinatedon15March44BC.,returningwithherrelativestoEgypt.WhenPtolemyXIVdiedallegedlypoisonedbyhisoldersisterCleopatramadeCaesarionherco-regentandsuccessorandgavehimtheepithetsTheosPhilopatorPhilometor(=Father-andmother-lovingGod).克里奥帕特拉、托勒密十四世和凯撒里昂于公元前46年夏天访问了罗马。埃及艳后下他在凯撒在乡下的庄园中,包括罗马近郊的凯撒庄园(拉丁文HortiCaesaris。作为外国元首,克里奥帕特拉不能够进入罗马的城市边界,拉丁文pomerium)。凯撒和克里奥帕特拉之间的关系,对于罗马人民来讲是显而易见的事情。这成了一桩丑闻,由于罗马专制者已经和卡普尼亚·皮索尼斯。凯撒甚至在位于尤利乌斯广场(ForumJulium)专门供奉本人的家族神话祖先母亲维纳斯(VenusGenetrix)的神庙中立起了一座克里奥帕特拉的黄金塑像。罗马著名演讲家西塞罗(Cicero)甚至在本人的私人信件中直接表达了他对这位外国女王的怨恨。凯撒在公元前44年三月十五日被刺杀时,克里奥帕特拉和克里奥帕特拉和她的随行人员正准备从罗马返回埃及。在托勒密十四世死后(他有可能正是被本人的姐姐克里奥帕特拉毒杀的),她将凯撒里昂立为本人的共治者和继承人,并赐予他爱父亲爱母亲的神这个称号(希腊语是TheosPhilopatorPhilometor)。托福浏览材料:怎样成为人见人爱的同事Leadershipanddedicationtoyourjobmightimproveyourfavourintheeyesofyourbossbutwontwinyoufriendsamongyourpeers.有领导能力、尽心工作,这是老板眼中的加分项,却不会让你在同事当中多几个朋友。Colleaguesappreciatesocialsensitivitiesmorethanprofessionalskillsintheirco-workers,anewstudyhasfound.最新调查显示,与专业技能相比,同事更欣赏那些社交敏感度高的人。Beingeffectiveortheabilitytodeliverresultsandnotletyourteammatesdownwasvotedthemostcrucialtraitinacolleague,attracting37pcofvotes,accordingtoasurveyofaround2,000UKadults.根据一项针对近两千位英国成年人开展的调查,工作有成效,或者讲是工作有成果,不让你的团队成员失望,是同事最看中的品质,支持率为37%。Threein10respondentshighlightedoptimismandenthusiasmasthemostimportantqualityinaworkmate,prioritisingsomeonewhowouldbeabletokeepteamspiritshighduringstressfultimes.三成受访者以为,同事具有乐观和热情的品质最重要,在工作紧张时,能让团队士气保持高涨的同事最受欢迎。Thenextmostpopularfeaturewastrustworthiness,whichwasdeemedtobemorerelevanttothemakingofagoodcolleaguethantakingtheinitiative,beingknowledgeableandhavingorganisationskills.第二大最受欢迎的品质是可靠性,与积极主动、知识渊博和有组织能力相比,受访者以为值得信赖的同事更是个好同事。Lurkingatthelowerendofthehierarchyweretraitsthatmightbemorecommonlyassociatedwiththeworkplace,suchasleadershipanddedication.排在末位的是一些与工作相关度更高的品质,比方领导能力和敬业精神。WhatisinterestingfromthisresearchisthatBritishworkersreallyarequitefocussedtheyratedeffectivenessthenumber-onemostimportanttraitintheiridealcolleague,saidDeclanByrne,managingdirectoratOne4allRewards.“有趣的是,英国的员工对工作真的很用心,他们以为理想同事最重要的品质是工作有成效,One4allRewards公司总经理德克兰-伯恩讲。Butitsnotallresultsfocussed.Britishworkersalsohugelyvaluehavingcolleagueswhocanactasabitofafriendkeepingeveryonesspiritsup,aswellassharingsecretsandworries.“但也不全以工作结果为导向。英国员工也对那些有点儿像朋友的同事评价很高,能让所有人精神焕发,还能和同事共享机密与担忧。Howtobethemostlovedcolleagueatwork:怎样成为人见人爱的同事:Beeffectiveanddeliverresults(37pc)工作有成效,富有成果(37%)Beoptimisticandenthusiastic(31pc)乐观、热情(31%)Betrustworthyenoughtokeepsecretsorlistentoworries(30pc)在保密方面足够守信,或能倾听别人的担忧(30)Displayinitiative(27pc)富有主动性(27%)Beknowledgeableaboutwhatyoudo(25pc)对于你在做什么很有见解(25%)Meetdeadlinesandbeorganised(24pc)能按时完成工作,有条有理(24%)Beempatheticenoughtoofferashouldertocryon(18pc)有同情心,能给别人慰藉(18%)Showleadership(13pc)有领导能力(13%)Bededicatedarriveearlyandstaylate(11pc)敬业早到晚走(11%)托福浏览背景资料之茶和咖啡Countlessargumentshavebeenwagedoverthesuperiorityofonebeverageovertheother.Butwhatdoesthescientificevidencesay?关于这两种饮料孰优孰劣的问题已经引发了无数争论。但是科学证据是如何的呢?GeorgeOrwellmayhavewrittenthat“teaisoneofthemainstaysofcivilizationinthiscountrybutevenweBritishhavetoacknowledgethatournationaldrinkisfacingstiffcompetitionfromtheespressos,cAPpuccinos,andlattesinvadingourshores.乔治·奥威尔或许写过“茶是这个国家文明的一个支柱这样的句子但我们英国人也要成认,随着浓咖啡、卡布奇诺和拿铁侵入国门,我们的全民饮料正面临着剧烈的竞争。Despitethedangersofwadingintosuchachargedargument,BBCFuturedecidedtoweighuptherelativemeritsofeachdrink.Theresnoaccountingfortaste,ofcourse,butwehavecombedthescientificliteraturefortheirreal,measurableeffectsonourbodyandmind.尽管讨论这个敏感话题充满风险,“BBC将来栏目还是决定对每种饮品的相对优点进行评估。当然,百人百味,但通过精心梳理科学文献,我们找出了它们对人体和大脑真实的、可测量的影响。Thewake-upcall醒脑剂Formany,thecaffeinekickistheprimaryreasonwechooseeitherbeverage;itstheoiltoourengineswhenwerestillfeelingabitcreakyinthemorning.Basedpurelyonitscomposition,coffeeshouldwinhandsdown:acupofteahasabouthalfthedose(40milligrams)ofthestimulantcaffeinethatyouwouldfindinastandardcupofbrewedfiltercoffee(80to115milligrams).Yetthisdoesntnecessarilyreflectthejoltofthewake-upcall.对很多人来讲,咖啡因的兴奋作用是我们选择这两种饮料的主要原因;在睡眼惺忪的清晨,咖啡因就像石油一样,给我们身体的引擎以能量。只考虑成分的话,咖啡能够轻松获胜:一杯茶的咖啡因含量(40毫克)大约只要标准杯过滤咖啡(80至115毫克)的一半。然而,这并非反映了它们的醒脑作用。Dosingsubjectswitheitherteaorcoffee,onestudyfoundthatbothbeveragesleftsubjectsfeelingsimilarlyalertlaterinthemorning.通过让被试者饮用一定量的茶或咖啡,一项研究发现,这两种饮料都能让受试者在早晨晚些时候感到同样清醒。Verdict:Againstlogic,teaseemstoprovidejustaspowerfulawake-upcallascoffee.Itsadraw.结论:固然逻辑上讲不通,但茶跟咖啡的醒脑作用似乎不相上下。平局。Sleepquality睡眠质量Thebiggestdifferencesbetweencoffeeandteamayemergeonceyourheadhitsthepillow.咖啡和茶之间最大的差异或许将集中体如今睡眠上。Comparingpeopledrinkingthesamevolumeofteaorcoffeeoverasingleday,researchersattheUniversityofSurreyintheUKconfirmedthatalthoughbothdrinkslendsimilarbenefitstoyourattentionduringtheday,coffeedrinkerstendtofindithardertodropoffatnightperhapsbecausethehighercaffeinecontentfinallycatchesupwithyou.通过比照研究天天饮用等量的茶或咖啡的人,英国萨里大学的研究人员证明,尽管两种饮料在白天对注意力集中的作用差不多,但或许是由于咖啡里的咖啡因含量更高,喝咖啡的人晚上更难入睡。Teadrinkers,incontrast,hadlongerandmorerestfulslumbers.相比之下,喝茶的人睡得更久更香。Verdict:Teaoffersmanyofthebenefitsofcoffee,withoutthesleeplessnightsaclearwin.结论:茶不仅拥有咖啡的很多好处,还不会带来不眠之夜完胜Toothstaining牙齿变黄Alongwithredwine,coffeeandteaarebothknowntoturnourpearlywhitesamurkyyellowandbrown.Butwhichisworse?众所周知,红酒、咖啡和茶都会把洁白的牙齿渐渐染成暗黄色或棕褐色。但哪个最糟糕?Mostdentistsseemtoagreethatteasnaturalpigmentsaremorelikelytoadheretodentalenamelthancoffeesparticularlyifyouuseamouthwashcontainingthecommonantisepticchlorhexidine,whichseemstoattractandbindtothemicroscopicparticles.大多数牙医似乎一致以为,茶中的天然色素比咖啡的更易附着于牙釉质之上尤其当你使用常见的洗必泰漱口水时,其中的消毒洗必泰能吸引并聚合微观粒子。Verdict:Ifyouwantaperfectsmile,coffeemaybethelesseroftwoevils.结论:假如你想展现完美笑容,两害相权取其轻,咖啡也许还好一点。Abalmfortroubledsouls不安灵魂的慰藉InEngland,itscommontogive“teaandsympathytoadistressedfriendtheideabeingthatacupofEarlGreyismedicinefortroubledminds.Infact,thereissomeevidencethatteacansootheyournerves:regularteadrinkersdotendtoshowacalmerphysiologicalresponsetounsettlingsituations(suchaspublicspeaking),comparedtopeopledrinkingherbalinfusions.Overall,peoplewhodrinkthreecupsadayappeartohavea37%lowerriskofdepressionthanthosewhodonotdrinktea.英国人喜欢给烦恼苦闷的朋友送去“茶与同情这是由于他们以为伯爵茶能够治愈不安的灵魂。事实上,有证据表明,茶能够舒缓神经:与喝中草药的人相比,经常饮茶者在处理一些令人不安的情况(如公开演讲)时确实表现得更为镇静。总的来讲,天天喝三杯茶的人比不喝茶的人罹患抑郁症的风险要低37%。Coffeedoesnthavethesamereputation;indeed,somereportthatitmakesthemfeelliketheirnervesarejangling.Yetthereissomeevidencethatittoomayprotectagainstlong-termmentalhealthproblems.Arecent“meta-analysis(summarisingtheresultsofstudiesinvolvingmorethan300,000participants)foundthateachcupofcoffeeadayseemstoreduceyourriskofdevelopingdepressionbyaround8%.Incontrast,otherbeverages(suchassweetenedsoftdrinks)onlyincreaseyourriskofdevelopingmentalhealthproblems.咖啡并没有这种成效;事实上,有些人觉得咖啡会让人有些神经错乱。但是也有证据表明,咖啡能预防长期精神问题。近期的一项“荟萃分析(总结了超过30万名介入者的研究结果)发现,天天一杯咖啡的人患抑郁症的风险比常人要低大约8%。相比之下,其他饮料(如甜味软饮)只会增加患精神疾病的风险。Verdict:Basedonthislimitedevidence,itsadraw.结论:基于有限的证据,平局。andabalmforbodies身体的万金油托福TPO听讲读写1-48文本及MP3资料压缩包-立即下载Similarlytantalising,thoughpreliminary,epidemiologicalstudieshavesuggestedthatbothcoffeeandteaoffermanyotherhealth-givingbenefits.Afewcupsofeitherbeverageadayappearstoreduceyourriskofdiabetes,forinstance.流行病学研究固然才刚刚起步,但也很吸睛。该领域研究表明,咖啡和茶都对身体还有其它好处。例如,天天喝几杯会降低患糖尿病的风险。Bothdrinksalsoseemtomoderatelyprotecttheheart,althoughtheevidenceseemstobeslightlystrongerforcoffee,whileteaalsoappearstobeslightlyprotectiveagainstdevelopingarangeofcancersperhapsbecauseofitsantioxidants.饮用这两种饮料能对心脏起到一定的保护作用,尽管证据显示似乎咖啡的成效更强,但许是由于茶中的抗氧化剂,茶对预防癌症也有些许成效。Verdict:Anotherdrawbothdrinksareasurprising,health-givingelixir.结论:还是平局这两种饮料都是神奇的、有益健康的灵丹妙药。Overallverdict:MuchasweBritswouldhavelikedteatocomeouttheclearvictor,wehavetoadmitthereislittlebetweenthetwodrinksbesidespersonaltaste.Basedsolelyonthefactthatitallowsyoutogetabetternightssleep,wedeclareteathewinner.总结:大部分英国人都会觉得茶很明显更胜一筹。但除了个人口味,必须成认的是两者的差异并不大。仅仅基于能让人好眠这一点,茶无疑是赢家。全面解析托福浏览中动名词的5种用法