英语句子成分和英语句子构造讲解和练习试题.docx

英语句子成分和英语句子构造讲解和练习试题英语句子成分和英语句子构造讲解及练习简单句的五个基本句型主语不及物动词Shecame.主语及物动词宾语ShelikesEnglish.主语系动词主语补语Sheishappy主语动词间接宾语直接宾语ShegaveJohnabookSheboughtabookforme.主语动词宾语宾语补语ShemakeshermotherangryTheteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.There+beThereliesabookonthedesk.主谓宾名代动词名代we-saw-you.we-did-thework.主系表名代系动词形容次名词代词youarebeautifulyouseemsworried.youareastufent.一样点都三部分，主语也一样不同动词和系动词，时态一样，否认式不同动词加助动词，系动词不用表语能够是形容词，宾语不行只要宾语有补足语2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语是句子所要讲的人或事物,回答是“谁或者“什么。通常用名词或代词担任。如：ImMissGreen.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词讲明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)。主要由动词担任。如：Jackcleanstheroomeveryday.(杰克天天清扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,讲明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么或者“如何。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：MynameisPingping.(我的名字叫萍萍)4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么。通常由名词或代词担任。如：Hecanspelltheword.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：Hewrotemealetter.(他给我写了一封信)有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：Hewrotealettertome.(他给我写了一封信)5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：Shanghaiisabigcity.(上海是个大城市)6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：Heworkshard.(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语用来讲明宾语如何或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：Theyusuallykeeptheirclassroomclean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/Heoftenhelpsmedomylessons.(他经常帮我做功课)/TheteacherwantedmetolearnFrenchallbymyself.(教师要我自学法语)8同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步讲明它的情况。如：WhereisyourclassmateTom?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)1.主语subject：句子讲明的人或事物。Thesunrisesintheeast名词Helikesdancing.代词Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.(数词)Seeingisbelieving.动名词Toseeistobelieve.不定式Whatheneedsisabook.主语从句Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语(一指出下列句中主语的中心词Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.Thereisanoldmancominghere.Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.谓语predicate：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。WestudyEnglish.Heisasleep.(二).选出句中谓语的中心词Idon'tlikethepictureonthewall.A.don'tB.likeC.pictureD.wallThedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summerDoyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.busTherewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon3.表语predicative：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。Heisateacher.名词Youdontlookit.代词Fiveandfiveisten.数词Heisasleep.形容词Hisfatherisin.副词Thepictureisonthewall.(介词短语)Mywatchisgone/missing/lost.形容词化的分词Thequestioniswhethertheywillcome.表语从句常见连系动词“存在类:表示存在或具有某种特征或状态.这类连系动词强调“存在。常见的有:be(是),look(看起来),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、显得),prove(证实是),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来)等。例如:Thestorysoundstrue.Thoseorangestastegoodstar.2.“持续类:表示某种情况或状态的持续。这类连系动词强调“持续。常见的有:remain(仍然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(继续、仍然),stand(处于某状况或情形)等。例如:Whydon'tyouputthemeatinthefridge?Itwillstayfreshforseveraldays.It'salreadyteninthemorning.Thestoreremainsclosed.What'sthematter?3.“变化类:表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态。这类连系动词强调“变化后的情况或状态.常见的有:become(变成),turn(变成),grow(变得),get(变得)等。例如:Putthefishinthefridge,oritwillgobadinhotweather.(三)挑出下列句中的表语Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.WhyisheworriedaboutJim?Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.tiredworriedyellowinterestedfirst4.宾语：1动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：IlikeChina.名词Hehatesyou.代词Howmanydoyouneed?Weneedtwo.数词Ienjoyworkingwithyou.动名词Ihopetoseeyouagain.不定式Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?宾语从句2介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Areyouafraidofthesnake?Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.3双宾语-间宾指人和直宾指物Hegavemeabookyesterday.Givethepoormansomemoney(四)挑出下列句中的宾语Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming.hishomeworkEnglishyourpronunciationnewwordstogoswimming5.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。Weelectedhimmonitor.名词Weallthinkitapitythatshedidntcomehere.名词Wewillmakethemhappy.形容词Wefoundnobodyin.(副词)Pleasemakeyourselfathome.介词短语Dontlethimdothat.省to不定式Hisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.带to不定式Dontkeepthelightsburning.如今分词Illhavemybikerepaired.过去分词扩展：主补：对主语的补充。Hewaselectedmonitor.Shewasfoundsinginginthenextroom.Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.(五)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.Shefounditdifficulttodothework.TheycallmeLilysometimes.IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?toreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-roomtotaketheboyoutofschoolLilygetonthebusplayingfootballontheplayground划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语Pleasetellusastory.Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.Didheleaveanymessageforme?6.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Yanlingisachemistryteacher.名词Heisourfriend.代词Webelongtothethirdworld.数词Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.形容词Themanoverthereismyoldfriend.(副词)Thewomanwithababyinherarmsismysister.(介词)TheboysplayingfootballareinClass2.如今分词Thetreesplantedlastyeararegrowingwellnow.过去分词Ihaveanideatodoitwell.不定式YoushoulddoeverythingthatIdo.定语从句(六)挑出下列句中的定语TheyuseMr.,Mrs.withthefamilyname.Whatisyourgivenname?OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.familygiventhirdsomedownstairs7.状语：用来修饰v.,adj.,adv.,or句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。下面例句按上述顺序排列Iwillgotheretomorrow.Themeetingwillbeheldinthemeetingroom.Themeatwentbadbecauseofthehotweather.HestudieshardtolearnEnglishwell.Hedidntstudyhardsothathefailedintheexam.Ilikesomeofyouverymuch.Ifyoustudyhard,youwillpasstheexam.Hegoestoschoolbybike.Thoughheisyoung,hecandoitwell.(七)挑出下列句中的状语Therewasabigsmileonherface.Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.onthefaceEverynightwhenhewaselevenfastWiththemedicineboxunderherarm八、同位语当一个概念词在前，后面的词、词组或者句子是在解释前者时，而且两者的语法功能一样，后者就是前者的同位语。Mr.Black,ourEnglishteacher,isagoodtennisplayer.我们的英语教师布莱克先生是个优秀的网球手。Football,theonlyinterestinlife,hasbroughthimmanyfriends.足球-他唯一的喜好，让他结交了很多朋友。YesterdayImetTom,afriendofmybrother's.昨天我碰到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。Thatsherhabit,readinginbed.躺在床上看书是她的习惯。Yoursuggestion,tostrikewhiletheironishot,seemedagoodidea.你建议趁热打铁，这个建议很好。Hegaveordersthattheworkshouldbestartedimmediately.他发出指示要立即开场工作。Youstillhaventansweredmyquestionwhyyoudidntcometoschoolyesterday.你还没有回答我昨天为何没有上学。同位语从句常跟在某些名词后，对其作进一步的解释。这些名词包括：fact,doubt,idea,news,hope,indication,decision,possibility,assumption,suggestion,question.这类从句经常有that引导，有时可以以用what,why,whether,when等引导。(九)插入语插入语是讲话者对所表达的意思的补充、强调、解释或者讲话的态度，其位置灵敏经常用逗号或者破折号分开，并且在语法上不影响其他成份。1.插入语常以副词副词短语、形容词形容词短语、介词短语、非谓语动词短语等形式出现。1常见的副词及短语：indeed，surely，however，obviously，frankly，naturally，luckily/happilyforsb.certainly等。(九)Therebe句型拓展：Therebe+句词词组中，there为虚词，be后面的名词词组为句子的真正主语。该句式在使用时须注意如下几点：Therebe句式表示“有时，它表示一种存在关系，通常带有一个地点状语，意为“什么地方时候有。句式中的主语只能为表泛指的名词词组，此外，其主语还能够带前置或后置定语。例如：1.Thereisablackboardintheclassroom.2.Therearefiveminutestogo.3.Therearetwooldwomenwaitingforyouatthegate.在正式文体中，该句式中be动词的单复数形式取决于下面两种情况：1该句式中只要一个主语，主语为单数时，be动词用单数；主语若为复数，be动词也用复数。2该句式中有几个并列主语，则按就近原则处理，即与靠近be动词的第一个主语保持一致。例如：1.Thereisroomforimprovement.2.Therearethreeapplesonthetable.