认知语言学：框架与构式ppt课件.ppt

有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。第五章第五章 框架及构式框架及构式Chapter 5 Frame and Constructions有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Contents5.1 Frame and Scripts 框架与脚本5.2 Event-frame and the windowing of attention 事件框架和开启注意力视窗5.3 Language-specific framing and its use in narrative texts 特定语言框架及其在叙述文本中的使用5.4 Construction Grammar 构式语法有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。5.1 Frame and Scripts The notion of frame was introduced into linguistics by Charles Fillmore in the middle of the 1970s based on his by now classic example, the commercial event frame.框架这一概念由 Charles Fillmore于20世纪70年代中期引入的语言学，它的基础是“商商务事件务事件”框架。框架。有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。An example of BUYAn example of BUYAD有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。The Frame of BUYThe Frame of BUY Mary bought some books from John for 500 dollors . some booksB (goods) A (buyer) Mary C (money) 500 dollorsD (seller) John有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Frame and perspectiveThe assignment of syntactic roles is governed by the choice of the verb buy, which is the syntactic perspective.The notion of perspective relies on the principle of prominence, that is on figure/ground segregation.The BUY frame is not just a useful tool for the syntactic description of the verb buy, but it can also be applied to the verbs sell, charge and pay. 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。 The difference of the four verbs is simply a change of perspective within the same frame.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。 (1) David bought an old shirt from John for ten pounds.(2) John sold an old shirt toDavid for ten pounds. (3) John charged David ten pounds for an old shirt. (4) David paid ten pounds to John for an old shirt.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。The two verbs buy and pay describe the comercial event from the BUYERs perspective, while sell and charge perspectivize the situation from the SELLERs point of view.Frame and perspectiveFrame and perspectiveThis is a first sign that the frame approach goes beyond the figure and ground approach in that it pays more attention to the less prominent parts of sentences like adverbials.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。The frame notion:different conceptions and related concepts the notion of frame any system of linguistic choicescollections of wordschoices of grammatical rules or linguistic categries有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Starting out from this linguistic position, the conception of the frame notion has shifted towards a cognitive interpretation.The frame notion:different conceptions and related conceptsEvery sentence evokes a certain cognitive perspective on a situation by the choice of the verb and the particular syntactic pattern that it governs.The basis for perspective is mainly provided by the cognitive ability of directing ones attention.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。The similarities between two approaches :the figure and ground approach & the frame and attention approachThe frame notion:different The frame notion:different conceptions and related concepts conceptions and related conceptsthe profiling of participants in an interactive network as syntactic figure and groundthe notion of perspectivizing two elements of a frame as subject and objectThey rely on Fillmores early Case Grammer,and share the belief that clause patterns cannot be seen in isolation but against their cognitive background有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。The frame notion:different conceptions and related conceptsThe differences between the two approaches:(1)Researches working in the frame paradigm are interested in problems related to the meaning of the verbs that belong to a frame.(2)The frame approach presents a unified view of syntactic patterns,(3) the figure and ground approach mainly emphasizes the two prominent entities on the level of clause in the syntactic figure and the syntactic ground; however, the frame has something to say about linguistic items that attract only a small portion of our attention potential.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Examples: 5.David spent ten pounds on an old shirt. 6.The old shirt cost David ten pounds.The frame notion:different conceptions and related concepts有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Frames can be conceived as a way of describing the cognitive context which provides the background for and is associated with cognitive categories.The frame notion:different conceptions and related conceptsFrames are just one of variety of cognitive models which also include the scenarios, domains and interactive networks and the scrips .有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。From frames to scripts:flying on a planeThe relevence of frames extends over the boundaries of single sentences to much larger linguistic and congnitive units.The following little story:Sue caught a plane from London to Madrid. After she had found her seat she checked whether the life vest was beneath it, but she could not find it. So she asked the flight attendant to find one for her.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Attention: the two occurrences of the definite article the. From frames to scripts:flying on a planeQuestion: Why so the two uses of the definite article sound completely nautral, although they cannot be explained with the rules of grammar alone?Explaination:We need to make inferences that are based on our world knowledge to understand the definite references.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Cognitive categories act both as anchors and as triggers for frames.Frame is in the format of categories and their interrelations that frames are designed and it is by the same categories that they are activated.Categories is to provide “default assignments” by supplying context-dependent prototypes.From frames to scripts:flying on a planeFrom frames to scripts:flying on a plane有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。All these expectations that are based on our experience and stored in our long-term memory are part of the frame-system and influence our ability to produce and understand the language related to it.所有这些基于我们的经验并储存在长期记忆中的预期都是框架系统的组成部分，并且影响我们产生和理解与之有关的语言的能力。From frames to scripts:flying on a planeFrom frames to scripts:flying on a plane有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。From frames to scripts:flying on a planeFrom frames to scripts:flying on a plane有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。TheFLYING ON A PLANE frame has so far been presented as if it were a motley collection of categories. A flight exhibits a very predictable temporal structure in which one stage is often a prerequisite for the next stage.Viewing the flight from such a sequential perspective, we go beyond simple frames and move into the scripts, i.e. knowledge structures that are particularly designed for frequently recurring event sequences.From frames to scripts:flying on a planeFrom frames to scripts:flying on a plane有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。The restaurant scriptThe restaurant scriptThe RESTAURANT script as developed by the computer scientist Roger Schank and the social psychologist Robert Abelson.It can be divided into 4 scenes: Entering, ordering, eating and exiting. In entering, a number of condition must be fufilled.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Ordering scene of the restaurant scriptsOrdering scene of the restaurant scripts有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Although we are all familiar with the information stored in scripts, when we produce or listen to language we unconsciously fill in an incredible amount of information taken from frames and scripts.eg. John went into a restaurant. He asked the waitress for coq au vin. He paind the bill and left.Without supplying this information we would certainly not be able to understand even the most simple pieces of discourse.eg. John went into a restaurant. He saw a waitress. He got up and went home.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。5.2 Event -frames and the windowing of attention5.2 Event -frames and the windowing of attentionFrames can provide valuable tools for the linguistic and conceptual analysis of situations like buying and selling, or having a meal in a restaurant . The notion of frame can be extended to describe more general situations, such as event chains linked by temporal sequences or causation.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。The information provided by the frame is still fairly specific. For example: the everyday practices of paying by credit card.However, the frame would not be valid at all in culture where goods are traded for other goods rather than sold for money.Therefore, frames are cognitive structures that are context-and- culture- dependent.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。The question is the notion of frame:1) is restricted to certain contexts and culturesor 2) can be conceieved of as being a much more basic cognitive phenomenon that underlines a wide variety of real-world situations and is shared by all human beings.Such a universalist-cognitive line of research is pursued by Talmy in his investigation of event types.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Motion event and motion event-framesTo understand Talmys motion event , lets first review the situations with moving objects mentioned in this book.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Granted that figure/ ground segregation is a universally valid principle of perception, the three components, FIGURE, GROUND and PATH are crucial for a cognitive description of a motion event.Step further, MOTION can be regarded as a fourth component of motion event. In addition to the conceptual component moving, fly, in the sentence A ballon flew over the house, also describes the way or MANNER of the movement , and this may be regarded as the fifth component to the structure of a motion event.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。For a motion event to take place, something must have caused the moving object to start moving or stay in motion.This CAUSE element can be an inportant factor in the conceptualization of motion event.Six cognitive components FIGURE, GROUND, PATH, MOTION, MANNER and CAUSE define the motion event-frame.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Generalized from motion event, Talmy defines the notion of event-frame as the following:A set of conceptual elements and interrelationships that .are evoked together or co-evoke each other can be said to liee within or constitute an event-frame, while the elements that are conceieved of as incidental-whether evoked weakly or not at all- lie outside the event-frame. (Talmy 2000/I:259)有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Talmy identifies five types of event-frames:motion event-frames 位移事件框架 causation event-frames 致使事件框架cyclic event-frames 循环事件框架 participant-interaction event-frames 参与者互动事件框架interrelationship event-frames 相互关系事件框架有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Windowing of attention in motion event-framesWindowing of attention in motion event-framesA flight situation:On 26 July 1909 Louis Bleriot flew across the English Channel from Les Baraques to Dover.1909年7月26日 Louis Bleriot从Les Baraques到Dover飞过英吉利海峡。 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Their specific function becomes clearer when we consider all three spatial adverbials contained in this sentence. While the first (across the channel) is seen as evoking the whole PATH component of the motion event-frame, the second and third (from Les Baraques and to Dover) are regarded as explicit sepecifications of the PATH component drawing attention to its initial and final points.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。This cognitive process of forgrounding certain portions of an event-frame is called windowing of attenion by Talmy.The conceptual material that makes up part of an event-frame is background is labelled Gapping.Pathwindowing attentional windows can be pathgapping opened and closed有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。 Schematic representation of Schematic representation of positional types of windowing positional types of windowing 视窗位置类型的图示展示视窗位置类型的图示展示 medial windowing PATH FIGURE in motion initial final initial final windowing windowing windowingwindowing GROUND GROUND 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Open path Open path 开放路径开放路径有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Closed path 封闭路径封闭路径有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Fictive path Fictive path 虚拟路径虚拟路径有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。 有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Causal-chain windowing 致使链视窗致使链视窗Traditional notion of causation: A simple yes-no categoryeg. non causative (die,fall ) causative (kill drop)However:Talmy argued in 1976 that different degrees of caussation exist: event-causation事件致使：The vase broke.author-causation人为致使: He broke the vase by mistake.agent-causation施事致使: He broke the vase to irritate his wife.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Talmy claimed that many events involving causation should be treated as a complex sequences of more elementary stages and subevents.eg.John broke the window (with a stone).1. The agent decides that hes going to break the window.2. He bends hid knees, moves his hand to ground to grasp a stonr, straightens up and lifts the stone with his hand, swing his arm while holding the stone in his hand, and releases the stone from his hand thus propelling it forward.3.The stone sails through the air.4.The stone forcefully makes contact with window.5.The window breaks.有利于学习和创新的组织管理机制，创造充满活力的创新激励机制，以市场为导向，以顾客价值追求为中心的企业文化氛围，依赖既开放又相互信任的合作环境。Each subevent is linked to the next by a causal relation, and this motivates Talmys term causal-chain event. It is possible to deduce from this example the components of causal-chain event-fr