新概念第一册主要语法知识.docx

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上新概念一主要语法知识点（一）时态主要涉及的时态有：一般现在时，现在进行时，一般过去时，现在完成时，一般将来时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时1. 一般现在时表示一般性，经常性的动作或一般性事实。· 含有be动词的句子例：He is a teacher.       The girl is very beautiful.       Tim and Jack are students.变疑问句将be动词移到句首·例：Is he a teacher?       Is the girl very beautiful?       Are Tim and Jack students?变否定句在be动词后面加not例：He is not a teacher.       The girl is not very beautiful.       Tim and Jack are not students.肯定回答及否定回答例：Yes, he is. No, he is not.       Yes, she is. No, she is not.       Yes, they are. No, they are not.· 不含有动词的句子，即含有一般动词的句子第三人称单数及单数名词例：He likes books.       She likes him.       The dog likes bones.变疑问句在句首加does,动词变为原型例：Does he like books?       Does she like him?       Does the dog like bones?变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesnt, 动词变为原型例：He doesnt like books.       She doesnt like him.       The dog doesnt like bones.肯定回答及否定回答：例：Yes, he does. No, he doesnt.       Yes, she does. No, she doesnt       Yes, it does. No, it doesnt.注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S，不要和名词复数混淆，变否定句或疑问句时名词复数没有任何变化。其他人称及复数名词例：I want to have a bath.      We have some meat.      The students like smart teachers.变疑问句在句首加do例：Do you want to have a bath?       Do we have any meat?       Do the students like smart teachers?变否定句在主语和动词之间加dont.例：You dont want to have a bath.       We dont have any meat.       The students dont like smart teachers.肯定回答及否定回答例：Yes, I do. No, I dont.       Yes, we do. No, we dont       Yes, they do. No, they dont.2. 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。构成：主语be动词动词的现在分词其它成分例：We are having lunch.       He is reading a book.      The dog is running after a cat.      The boys are swimming across the river.变疑问句将be动词移到句首例：Are we having lunch?       Is he reading a book?       Is the dog running after a cat?       Are the boys swimming across the river?变否定句在be动词后面加 not例：We are not having lunch.       He is not reading a book.       The dog is not running after a cat.       The boys are swimming across the river.特殊疑问句：what,which, how, where, who, etc.疑问词动词主语现在分词例：What are you doing?       What is she doing?       What is the dog doing?注：(必背！)没有进行时的动词：表示状态，思想，感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作表示感觉，感官的词see, hear, like, love, want, have, has当”拥有”讲时没有进行时3. 一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或事件，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago,· 含有be动词的句子， 将动词变为过去式，am, is的过去式为was，are的过去式为were例：I was at the butchers.      You were a student a year ago.      The teacher was very beautiful ten yearsago.变疑问句将be动词移动到句首例：Were you at the butchers?       Were you a student a year ago?       Was the teacher very beautiful ten yearsago?变否定句在be动词后面加not例：I was not at the butchers.       You were not a student a year ago.      The teacher was not very beautiful tenyears ago.肯定回答否定回答例：Yes, I was. No, I was not.       Yes, you were. No, you were not.       Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not.特殊疑问句：例：What did you do?· 不含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式例：I finished my homework yesterday.       The boy went to a restaurant.       The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago.变疑问句在句首加did， 动词变为原型例：Did you finish your homework yesterday?       Did the boy go to a restaurant?       Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago?变否定句在主语和动词之间加didnot例：I did not finish my homework yesterday.      The boy did not go to a restaurant.      The Sawyers did not live at King Street a yearago.肯定回答及否定回答例：Yes, I did. No, I didnt.       Yes, he did. No, he didnt.       Yes, they did. No, they did not.4. 现在完成时构成：主语+助动词have, has+过去分词用法：1)表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和just, usually, already, since等时间副词连用例：I have just had lunch. (饱了，不用再吃了)       He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝）       They have already had their holiday. （不能再度假了）       The boy has already read the book. （已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了）2)询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：例：Have you finished your homework?       Have you been to Beijing?       Have he seen the film?3)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作例：I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.       I have worked for this school for 1 year.4)表示一种经历，经验：去过地方，做过事情，经历过事情例：I have never had a bath.       I have never seen a film.       I have never been to cinema.       I have ever been to Paris.注意：Have been to表示去过，have gone to 表示去了试比较：I have been to London.(人已经回来)             He has gone to London.（人还在那里）5)表示一种结果， 一般不和时间副词联用例：I have lost my pen.       I have hurt myself.       He has become a teacher.       She has broken my heart.变疑问句将助动词移到句首，例：Have you lost your pen?变否定句在助动词后面加not.例： I have notlost my pen.肯定回答及否定回答例：Yes, I have. No, I have not.特殊疑问句：例：What have you done?       What has he done?注意：一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用错：Ive left Beijing for 3 days.对：I left Beijing 3 days ago. Ihave been away from being for 3 days.5. 一般将来时表示将来将要发生的动作， 经常和tomorrow, next year, the dayafter tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours time, etc. 表示将来的词联用结构： 主语+助动词will+动词原形例：I will go to America tomorrow.       The pilot will fly to Japan the monthafter the next.       Jack will move into his new house tomorrowmorning.变疑问句将助动词移到句首例：Will you go to America tomorrow?       Will the pilot fly to Japan the month afterthe next?       Will Jack move into his new house tomorrowmorning?变否定句在助动词后面加not例：I will not go to America tomorrow.       The pilot will not fly to Japan the monthafter the next.       Jack will not move into his new housetomorrow morning肯定回答及否定回答例：Yes, I will. No, I will not.       Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not.       Yes, he will. No, he will not.特殊疑问句：例：What will you do?6. 过去完成时：用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。结构：had+过去分词例：After she had finished her homework, shewent shopping.       They had sold the car before I asked theprice.       The train had left before I arrived at thestation.注意：After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。变疑问句将助动词移到句首例：Had she finished her homework?变否定句在助动词后面加not例：She hadnt finished her homework.肯定回答及否定回答例：Yes, she had. No, she hadnt.特殊疑问句：例：What had she done?7. 过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when, while, as引导的状语从句中。结构：was/were+doing例：When my husband was going into the diningroom this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.       While we were having dinner, my father waswatching TV.8过去将来时结构：would do例：She said she would go here the nextmorning.（二）特殊句型：therebe 句型，be going to结构1. Be going to 结构表示打算，准备，计划做某事结构：主语+be动词+going to +动词原型例：I am going to make a bookcase.      They are going to paint it.      The father is going to give the bookcase tohis daughter.变疑问句将be动词移到句首例：Are you going to make a bookcase?       Are they going to paint it?       Is the father going to give the bookcase tohis daughter?变否定句在be动词后面加not例：I am not going to make a bookcase.      They are going to paint it.      The father is not going to give thebookcase to his daughter.肯定回答及否定回答例：Yes, I am. No, I am not.       Yes, they are. No, they are not.       Yes, he is. No, he is not.特殊疑问句例：What are you going to do?      What are they going to do?      What is the father going to do?2. There be 句型表示哪里有什么东西(某处有某物)· There is单数名词表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）例：There is a book in this room.       There is a pen on the table· There are复数名词表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）例：There are two pens on the table.       There are three schools there.变疑问句将be动词移到句首例：Is there a book in this room?       Are there two pens on the table?变否定句在动词后面加not例：There is not a book in this room.       There are not two pens on the table.肯定回答及否定回答例：Yes, there is. No, there is not.       Yes, there are. No, there are not.（三）问句主要类型有：一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反意疑问句，选择疑问句，否定疑问句1.一般疑问句:助动词/be动词+主语，通常可以用Yes或者No来回答。例：Are you a teacher?       Do you want to have a cup of tea?回答：Yes, I am./No, I am not.2.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句· What: 表示什么例：What is your name?· Where:表示在哪里，对地点进行提问例：Where is my book?· Which:表示哪一个（在一定范围内特指一样东西或一个人）当作为疑问代词时，which通常单独使用例：Which is your favorite cup?       Which are your favorite cups?当作为疑问形容词时，which后面通常加上一个名词，构成特殊疑问名词短语例：Which cup is your favorite?       Which cups are your favorite?· 对国籍的提问你是哪国人？问：What nationality are you?回答：Im Chinese.注意：回答用“国籍”你来自哪里？问：Where are you from?    =Whre do you come from?回答：Im from China.        =I come from China.注意：回答用“国家”· 对职业的提问    What is  your job?   =What are you?· 对近况的提问问：How are you today?回答：I'm very well, thank you.3. 选择疑问句关键词：or例“Do you want beef or lamb?4. 反意疑问句肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分，否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分例：The dog is lovely, isn't it?       You dont need that pen, do you?5. 否定疑问句一般疑问句+否定词例：Arent you lucky?       Dont you want to have a rest?（四）some和any、many和much的用法some, any共同点：1. 都可修饰可数名词或不可数名词              2. 都可以解释为“一些”区别： 通常情况下，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句(此时，两个词都解释为“一些”)例： I want some milk.        I don't want any milk.        Do you want any milk?特殊用法：1.当表示建议、邀请，并期待得到对方的肯定回答时some也可以用在疑问句中，以下为三种句型：1）Would you like.?例: Would you like some coffee?2) Do you want.？（一般情况而言用any比较多，但是如果想要得到别人的肯定回答，可以用some来提问）例：Do you want some juice? (回答为Yes)3) What about.？例：What about some bread?                 2. 当any表示“任何”的时候，也可以用在肯定句，且后面如果加可数名词，需要用单数例：Any one with a ticket can get into the park. many, much共同点：都可以解释为“很多”不同点：many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词例： I have many toy cars.    She has much money.注：在口语中表示“很多”一般不用many, much, 而多用a lot of, 而在否定句中表示“很多”用many, much.例：I have a lot of money.       I dont have muchmoney.       I don't have many apples.（五）名词分类：名词分为可数名词和不可数名词1.      不可数名词含义：不可以分成个体的东西：water,tea, bread, milk, rice抽象的东西：love, beauty, coldness特点：    不能用a, an修饰    不能加s    和单数be动词或动词搭配注：不可数名词表达复数概念时，用量词修饰。例：a bottle of milk          two bottles of milk       a bar of chocolate     two bars of chocolate       a loaf of bread           two loaves of bread       a pound of sugar      two pounds of sugar2.      可数名词：特点：单数可数名词要用冠词修饰，有复数形式。名词复数形式变化规则：  一般情况+s例： shopshopsbookbooks 以s, x, ch, sh, o结尾+es口诀：蛇(sh)吃(ch)象(x)是(sh)会死(s)的哦(0)例：foxfoxeschurchchurchesbusbusesdishdishespotatopotatoes以o结尾，除了Negro/hero /potato/tomato，通常加s口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿，剩下一般加s, radioradios 以f, fe结尾的，变f, fe为ves例：lifeliveshalfhalvesshelfshelvescitycitieswifewives以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+es例：skyskiesflyflies注：以元音字母+y结尾的则直接加ed例：toytoysboyboysdaydays不规则变化的名词复数形式例：manmenwomanwomenfootfeetgoosegeesetoothteeth   sheepsheepchildchildrendeerdeermousemice国人复数变化：（部分）口诀：中日不变英法变，其余s加后边   ChineseChinese   JapaneseJapanese   EnglishmanEnglishmen   FrenchmanFrenchmen   GermanGermans   ItalianItalians（六）情态动词的使用1情态动词can（能够）, must（必须）, may（可以）结构：主语+can/must/may+动词原型例：He can make the tea.       Sally may air the room.       We must speak English.变疑问句将情态动词移到句首例：Can he make the tea?       May I open the door?       Must we speak English?变否定句在情态动词后面加not例：He cannot make the tea.       Sally maynot air the room.       You mustn't speak loudly here. = Don't speak loudly here.（这里mustn't解释为不许、禁止的意思）特殊疑问句：       What can you do?注意：情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化，不要在情态动词或动词后面加S。2Must/have to的区别must 表示必须，是主观上觉得应该做，have to是不得不，是由于客观条件逼迫才做must 只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里，而have to do可以用在任何时态3must, may, might表示猜测：must do 表示对现在事实的猜测must have done表示对过去事实的猜测must have been doing 表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测may/might do, may/might have done表示没有任何事实依据的猜测，might的可能性更小。cant/couldnt 表示不可能4need 用法：表示“需要”时为实意动词，后面可以加名词，也可以加不定式：例：I need a pen.       Do you need any beer? No, Idont.        I need to have a rest.注：Need doing=need to be done，表示被动例：The flowers need watering. = The flowers need to be watered.Need在否定时做情态动词使用例：You neednt go so early. =You dont need togo so early.       Must I clean the desk right now? No, youneednt. (我一定要现在把桌子擦干净么？不，你不需要)语法（七）感叹句、祈使句一.感叹句1.由what引导的感叹句。结构：What+a(an)+（形容词）+单数可数名词+主语+谓语！例：What a beautiful girl she is!          What+(形容词）+可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语+谓语！例：What kind women they are!       What nice music it is!2.由how引导的感叹句。结构：How + 形容词(副词)+主语+谓语例：How beautiful the girl is!       How quickly the boy is writing! 3.what与how引导的感叹句，一般情况下可以相互转换，转换后意义不变。 例：What an interesting story it is!=How interesting the story is! what a beautiful building it is!=How beautiful the building is! 注：在口语中，感叹句的主语和谓语常常省略。 例：What a nice present!（省略it is）        How disappointed!（省略she is）二.祈使句1.含义：表达说话人对对方的叮嘱、劝告、请求或命令等，往往有表示请求、命令、希望、禁止、劝告等意思。 2.特点：一般没有主语，实际上是省略了主语“You”             句末用感叹号或句号，用降调朗读。             肯定结构都以动词原形开头。3.句型：肯定句Do型（以行为动词原形开头） 例：Sit down  坐下！        Stand up  起立！Be型（以be开头）例：Be quiet  安静！ Let型 （以let开头）例：Let me help you. 让我来帮助你。 注：三种句型中Do型是最常见、最简单的一种结构。表示请求、劝告的祈使句还常常在句前或句末加上Please, 构成句式：Please或Please 以使语气更加缓和或客气。例：Please stand up或Stand up,please请站起来。        Please have a rest或Have a rest,please请休息一下。 否定句结构：Don't动词原形例：Don't go there,please 请别去那儿。        Don't be late 不要迟到。        Don't let him in 不要让他进来。        Don't let the water run into the room 不要让水流进屋里。主要语法（八）"也”的用法1. so、neither引导的简短回答结构so/neither + be动词 + 主语      例：I'm a student. So is he.                           我是一名学生，他也是。             I'm not a teacher. Neither is she.           我不是一名老师，她也（不）是。             She is watching TV. So am I.                  她正在看电视，我也是。             We are not doing our homework. Neither are they.     我们没在做作业，他们也是。       so/neither + 情态动词 + 主语      例：I can swim. So can he.                             我会游泳，他也会。             I can't fly. Neither can she.                     我不会飞，她也不会。       so/neither + 助动词 + 主语 注：一般现在时助动词：do/does       一般过去时助动词：did       一般将来时助动词：will  (过去将来时助动词：would)       现在完成时助动词：have/has  （过去完成时助动词：had）       例： She dances very well. So do I.                 她跳舞跳得很好， 我也是。               He went to school yesterday. So did I.                他昨天去上学了，我也是。               I will leave Shanghai tomorrow. So will he.        我明天要离开上海了，他也是。               She has read for 3 hours. So have I.                     她已经读了三小时书了，我也是。用法    当前一句话为肯定句时，用so来回答。           当前一句话为否定句时，用neither来回答。2. too、either的用法相同：都解释为“也”，放在句尾。区别：1. too用于肯定句或疑问句              例： I can swim. I can swim, too                      I like singing. Do you like singing, too?           2. either只用于否定句              例： I can't fly.  I can't fly, either.       专心-专注-专业