2022年考研英语阅读理解试题及答案解析1.docx

2022年考研英语阅读理解试题及答案解析1Test1Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinroboticsthescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracyfargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselvesgoalsthatposearealchallenge.Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,wecan'tyetgivearobotenoughcommonsense’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain'sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalentedandhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicatedthanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan'tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon'tknowquitehowwedoit.1HumaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedinAtheuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction.Bthewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry.Ctheinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork.Dtheelite'scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork.查看原文2Thewordgizmos(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeansAprograms.Bexperts.Cdevices.Dcreatures.查看原文3Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman'sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcanAfulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery.Binteractwithhumanbeingsverbally.Chavealittlecommonsense.Drespondindependentlytoachangingworld.查看原文4Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalsoAmakeafewdecisionsforthemselves.Bdealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention.Cimprovefactoryenvironments.Dcultivatehumancreativity.查看原文5TheauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsareAexpectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure.Babletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately.Cfarlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation.Dbestusedinacontrolledenvironment.查看原文Normal07.8磅02falsefalsefalseMicrosoftInternetExplorer4WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeapartofanewinternationaltrend.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentminister,IcoveredmyexitbyclaimingIwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily.Curiously,sometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslater,myexperimentinwhattheAmericanstermdownshiftinghasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.Ihavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyofhaveitall,preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepagesofShemagazine,intoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineofjugglingyourlife,andmakingthealternativemoveintodownshiftingbringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdays,pressureddeadlines,thefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparentonqualitytime.InAmerica,themoveawayfromjugglingtoasimpler,lessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell-establishedtrend.DownshiftingalsoknowninAmericaasvoluntarysimplicityhas,ironically,evenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanti-consumerism.Thereareanumberofbest-sellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives;therearenewsletters,suchasTheTightwadGazette,thatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-'90sequivalentofdroppingout.WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdeclineafterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate’80sandisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,inBritain,atleastamongthemiddle-classdownshiftersofmyacquaintance,wehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe'80s,downshiftinginthemid-'90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlifegrowingyourownorganicvegetables,andriskingturningintooneasapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations.6Normal07.8磅02falsefalsefalseMicrosoftInternetExplorer4Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoparagraph1?AFull-timeemploymentisanewinternationaltrend.BThewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveherjob.CAlateralmovemeanssteppingoutoffull-timeemployment.DThewriterwasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherfamily.查看原文7Thewriter'sexperimentshowsthatdownshifting_.AenableshertorealizeherdreamBhelpshermoldanewphilosophyoflifeCpromptshertoabandonherhighsocialstatusDleadshertoacceptthedoctrineofShemagazine查看原文8Jugglingone'slifeprobablymeanslivingalifecharacterizedby_.Anon-materialisticlifestyleBabitofeverythingCextremestressDanti-consumerism查看原文9Accordingtothepassage,downshiftingemergedintheU.S.asaresultof_.AthequickpaceofmodernlifeBman'sadventurousspiritCman'ssearchformythicalexperiencesDtheeconomicsituation查看原文第8页 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