英语语法之--现在完成时.ppt

现在完成时现在完成时一、基本结构：一、基本结构：主语主语+助动词助动词have/has+动词的过去分词动词的过去分词肯：肯： e.gI (You) havestudied.He (She, It) has studied.We(You,They) have studied.否：否： 主语主语+助动词助动词 havent+动词的过去分词动词的过去分词hasntI(You) have not/havent studied.He(She,It) has not/hasnt studied.We(You,They) have not/ havent studied.have not = haventhas not = hasnt疑问疑问助动词助动词 Have+主语主语+动词的过去分词动词的过去分词?Hase.g: 1) Have you studied? Yes, I have./No, I havent. 2) Has he (she,it) studied? Yes,he(she,it) has.No,he(she,it) hasnt. 3) Have you (they) studied? Yes, we (they) have. No, we (they) havent.回答回答:Yes, 主语主语+ have/has.No,主语主语+ havent/ hasnt. 练一练练一练1) 句型转换句型转换: I have written my postcard.否：否：_.一般疑问及回答：一般疑问及回答：_?_I havent written my postcard.Have you written your postcard?Yes, I have. / No,I havent.I havent finished my homework.I have finished my homework.2) 用现在完成时连词成句用现在完成时连词成句 I, finish, homework(2)动词的过去分词：规则变化与不规则变化动词的过去分词：规则变化与不规则变化finish- finished- finishedlive - lived- livedstop-stopped-stoppedcarry- carried- carried1加加ed，2加加d，3要双写，要双写，4 注意，注意，y变成变成ied特殊形式特殊记。特殊形式特殊记。1.规则变化与过去式相同规则变化与过去式相同;2.不规则变化不规则变化am,isarebecomecutdoflygokeeprunwas-beenwere-beenbecamebecomecut-cutdid-doneflew-flownwent-gonekept-keptran-runwrite drivecomebuybringtakemakesit feedwrote-writtendrove-drivencame-comebought-boughtbrought-broughttook-takenmade-madesat-satfed-fed二二 、现在完成时的主要用法、现在完成时的主要用法 （一）（一）- Its so dark.-Someone has turned off the light.(有人刚把灯关了有人刚把灯关了,对现在造成的结果是对现在造成的结果是:现在很黑现在很黑)- Are you free?-I have finished my homework. I am free. (我已我已经经完成了家庭作完成了家庭作业业, 对现在造成的对现在造成的结果是很有空结果是很有空)1. 1. 用法用法 表示过去发生的某一动作表示过去发生的某一动作 对现在造成的影响或结果。对现在造成的影响或结果。 汉语中常用汉语中常用“已经已经”、“过过”、“了了”等表达等表达,通通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词 just，already, before, yet, never, ever ,so far, recently等状语连用。等状语连用。例如：例如： I have never heard of that before. Have you ever ridden a horse? She has already finished the work. Have you milked the cow yet? Yes, I have done that already. Ive just lost my math book. 2. 常用时间状语常用时间状语 already 和和 yet的用法的用法already 已经已经 通常用于肯定句中或句末通常用于肯定句中或句末 yet 已经，还已经，还 通常用于疑问句和否定句末通常用于疑问句和否定句末 我已经找到了我的尺子。我已经找到了我的尺子。 I have _ found my ruler. I have found my ruler_ .否定句否定句:I havent found my ruler_. 一般疑问句一般疑问句:Have you found your ruler _？alreadyalreadyyetyet练一练练一练1.我已经看过这部电影。我已经看过这部电影。I _ _ _the film.2.你已经浇过花了吗？你已经浇过花了吗？ _ you the flowers_?3.他刚刚完成了家庭作业。他刚刚完成了家庭作业。He _ _ _his homework. 4.我们曾经去过五仙山。我们曾经去过五仙山。We _ _ _to the Wuxian Hills.5.李雷从不抽烟。李雷从不抽烟。Li Lei _ _ _.haveseenHavehavewateredfinishedbeensmokedhashasalreadyyetjustevernever 表示表示过去某一时间已经开始、持续到现在过去某一时间已经开始、持续到现在（也许还会继续进行下去）动作或状态，常（也许还会继续进行下去）动作或状态，常和表示和表示一段时间状语一段时间状语，如，如since+过去的时间过去的时间点点, for+时间段等连用。时间段等连用。 （注意：句中谓语动词要用延续性动词注意：句中谓语动词要用延续性动词）现在完成时的主要用法现在完成时的主要用法 （二）（二）一段时间的表达方法有两种一段时间的表达方法有两种:1） for + 一段时间一段时间eg:I _English_. 我学英语已经两年了。我学英语已经两年了。for a year for two weeks for three yearsfor two yearshave studied过去的某一时刻过去的某一时刻一般过去时态的时间状语从句一般过去时态的时间状语从句 2) since +They _in Beijing_. 他们自年就一直住在北京。他们自年就一直住在北京。Weve known each other _we _children. 我们从小就认识。我们从小就认识。since last week, since 3 years agosince nine, since 2008 since you came to Chinasince you got homesince 1980have livedsincewere 注意注意: for 和和since 所引导的时间状语都表示一段所引导的时间状语都表示一段时间时间.有时可进行转换。有时可进行转换。对它们提问都用短语：对它们提问都用短语： 如：如：(对划线部分提问对划线部分提问)1. He has lived here since 2004. He has lived here _ _ _He has lived here_ _ _ _. _ _has he lived here?2. I have studied English for 3 years. I have studied English_ _ _ _. have you studied English?for ten yearssince ten years agosince 3 years agoHow longHow longHow long（同义句）（同义句） 练习练习 一、一、 选用选用 for和和 since填空填空:1. We havent seen each other _ a long time.2. His father has been in the Party _ 10 years ago.3. The film has been on _ 20 minutes.4. Mr Green has worked here _ he came to China.5. His grandparents have been dead _ several years.6. Its five years _ we met last time.forforforforforforsincesincesincesincesincesince1.我学习英语达到我学习英语达到3年了。年了。I English_ _ _.have learned2.自从自从9点钟以来，我们就在这儿等他。点钟以来，我们就在这儿等他。We for him_ _.have waited3.自从两周前以来，他就在练习打篮球。自从两周前以来，他就在练习打篮球。He basketball_ _ _ _.has practiced4.自从自从Lucy来中国以来，她就结交了许多朋友。来中国以来，她就结交了许多朋友。Lucy_ _ many friends_ _ _ _ _.has madefor 3 yearssince 9:00since 2 weeks agosince she came to China1. 1. 她成为一名护士已经三年了。她成为一名护士已经三年了。2. 2. 我五年前就认识李雷了。我五年前就认识李雷了。3. 3. 那些相片我已经寄给他了。（那些相片我已经寄给他了。（postpost）4. 4. 我来到这个学校后，他就一直教我。我来到这个学校后，他就一直教我。5. 5. 我刚丢了我的历史书。我刚丢了我的历史书。She has been a nurse for three years.I have known Lilei since five years ago. I have already posted the photos to him.He has taught me since I came to the school.I have just lost my history book.三、延续性动词和终止性三、延续性动词和终止性( (瞬间瞬间) )动词动词 英语的行为动词大体可以分为两大类型：一是英语的行为动词大体可以分为两大类型：一是延续性的动词延续性的动词，二是，二是终止性终止性(瞬间瞬间)动词动词。 延续性动词是指那些动作意义不会一下完成，延续性动词是指那些动作意义不会一下完成，而是可以延续、发展的动词。如：而是可以延续、发展的动词。如：work, read, write, study等。等。这些动词的完成时可以和一段时间状语连用。这些动词的完成时可以和一段时间状语连用。 eg: I have studied for two hours. 终止性终止性(瞬间瞬间)动词是指那些动作一次完成，不能动词是指那些动作一次完成，不能延续的动词。如：延续的动词。如：come, go, buy, die, join, begin等等. 这些动词的肯定式不能和段时间状语连用。这些动词的肯定式不能和段时间状语连用。 终止性终止性(瞬间瞬间) 动词可以用于现在完成时，但不能动词可以用于现在完成时，但不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。和表示一段时间的状语连用。 如可说如可说“He has left.” “She has come back” 但不能说但不能说“He has left for three years.” “She has come back for two days”如果要表达如果要表达: 1) 他已走了三年了他已走了三年了. 2) 她已经回来两天了她已经回来两天了 可用以下几种表达法：可用以下几种表达法：1. 用含用含ago等过去时间状语的一般过去时等过去时间状语的一般过去时。 1) He left here three years ago. 2) She came back two days ago.2. “It is +一段时间一段时间since 一般过去时从句一般过去时从句 ” 1) It is three years since he left here. 2) It is two days since he came back.3.一段时间一段时间has passed + since + 一般过去时从句一般过去时从句 1) Three years has passed since he left here. 2) Two days has passed since she came back. 以上三种表示方法适用于所有瞬间动词。以上三种表示方法适用于所有瞬间动词。 4. 另外，还可用其它表示方法，但只适用于部分另外，还可用其它表示方法，但只适用于部分瞬间动词。具体办法是将瞬间动词转化为表瞬间动词。具体办法是将瞬间动词转化为表延续延续的动词的动词或者或者表状态的表状态的be+名词名词形容词或副词形容词或副词介介词短语词短语等。等。1). 直接转化成延续性动词直接转化成延续性动词buy catch (get) a cold borrow come/go /become have have a coldkeepbe 2). 转换成转换成be+名词名词 join join the army join the Party go to schoolbe a soldier be a Party memberbe a student 3). 转换成转换成 be+形容词或副词形容词或副词dieleave beginfinishopen close fall sleepbe dead be away be on be overbe open be closedbe asleepbe in （be a member of ）4).转换成转换成 be+介词短语介词短语 go to school join the armybe in/at schoolbe in the army终止性动词完成时的否定式终止性动词完成时的否定式表示一种否定表示一种否定状态是可以延续的，所以其否定式可以和状态是可以延续的，所以其否定式可以和段时间状语连用。段时间状语连用。如：如：I havent seen him for ages.我好久我好久没见到他了。（现在仍没见到他）没见到他了。（现在仍没见到他）1.他来中国半年了。他来中国半年了。He comes China for half a year. 改为：改为： 。2.李雷买这本字典李雷买这本字典3天了。天了。Li Lei has bought a dictionary for 3years. 改为：改为： 。3.他的爷爷去世他的爷爷去世3年了。年了。His grandpa has died for 3 years. 改：改： 。练一练练一练has been inhadbeen dead 同义句转换同义句转换.我们买这本书三年了我们买这本书三年了. We _the book for three years.We _the book three years ago. 他感冒三天了他感冒三天了.He _a cold for three days.He _ a cold three days ago.have hadboughthas hadcaught自从上星期以来自从上星期以来,我就借了这本书我就借了这本书. I _the book since last week.I _the book last week.我成为一个学生两年多了我成为一个学生两年多了.I _a student for over two years.I _a student two years ago.have keptborrowedhave beenbecame Mr Black死了三年了。死了三年了。 Mr Black _for three years.Mr Black _three years ago. 小明参军半年了。小明参军半年了。Xiao Ming _for half a year.Xiao Ming _the army half a year ago.has been deaddiedhas been a soldierjoined 翻翻 译译 练练 习：习： 1.1.我买了这块手表五年了。我买了这块手表五年了。 2.2.这位老人已经死了十年了。这位老人已经死了十年了。 I have bought this watch for five years. ( ) I have had this watch for five years. since 5 years ago. The old man has died for ten years. ( ) The old man has been dead for ten years. since 10 years ago.WW 3.3.他已经回来三天了。他已经回来三天了。 4. 4.自从六点钟他就来这儿了。自从六点钟他就来这儿了。 5. 5.我离开家乡已十年了。我离开家乡已十年了。 He has come back for 3 days. He has been back for 3 days. since 3 days ago. He has come here since 6 oclock. He has been here since 6 oclock. I have left hometown for 10 years. I have been away from hometown for 10 years.WWW1. 主语主语+have / has gone (to) +某地某地 某人已经去某地了某人已经去某地了 2. 主语主语+ have / has been (to) +某地某地 某人曾经到过某地某人曾经到过某地主语主语+have / has been in+某地某地+for +时间时间 某人去某地多久了某人去某地多久了He _ Beijing. 他已经去北京了。他已经去北京了。He _Beijing twice. 他曾去过北京两次。他曾去过北京两次。He _Beijing for 3 days. 他去北京三天他去北京三天 了。了。 has gone tohas been tohas been in1. Mike and his parents _ the north for half a year.2.Mum is not at home now. she _ the shop.3. _ you ever _ to kunming ? Never.4. Where _ you _ these days?5. Has Jim arrived yet? Yes, he _ here for several days.6. Where is Peter? I dont know where he _.7. Hi Jim! Where _ you _ ? Li Lei is looking for you.have been inhas gone tohave beenHave beenhas been has gonehave been用用Have been to, have gone to, have been in 填空填空1. 她曾去过南京吗？她曾去过南京吗？ Has she ever been to Nanjing?2. 你以前从未去过那儿，是吗？你以前从未去过那儿，是吗？ You have never been there, have you?3.我去过桂林，我去年去的。我去过桂林，我去年去的。 I have been to Guilin, I went there last year.4 .她已经去南京了。她已经去南京了。She has gone to Nanjing. 1. 一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作动作，和现，和现在不发生关系。在不发生关系。 而现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作而现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现现在的在的情况情况。1. I saw this film yesterday. (只说明动作发生在过去。）只说明动作发生在过去。） I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了.) 2. She has returned from Paris. She returned yesterday. 3. He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续在团内的状态可延续) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团，三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。为短暂行为。)(她已从巴黎回来了她已从巴黎回来了)（她是昨天回来的。）（她是昨天回来的。）2. 一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。或无时间状语。1) 一般过去时的时间状语有：一般过去时的时间状语有：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now,等等具体具体的时间状语。的时间状语。2) 现在完成时的时间状语有：现在完成时的时间状语有： for, since, ever, never, just, already, yet, in past years等等不确定不确定的时间状语。的时间状语。注意：注意： 句子中如有一般过去时的时间副词（如句子中如有一般过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。完成时，要用过去时。例如：例如：Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.( )Tom _a letter to his parents last night. 1.我们上周完成了我们的工作。我们上周完成了我们的工作。We _our work last week .2.飞机十分钟前起飞了。飞机十分钟前起飞了。The plane _ten minutes ago .3.昨天，她们去游泳了。昨天，她们去游泳了。They _yesterday . Wfinishedtook offwent swimmingwrote改改 错错1. How long have you begun to study English?2. I have borrowed this book for two weeks.3. The river has become very dirty since last August.4. Our manager is away today. He has been to Guangzhou on business.5. He has gone out for two years.studiedkeptbeengonebeen1.A:I my purse. (lose) B:What a pity. When you it? (lose) A:I it this morning. (lose)2.A:I have watched the game. B:When _ you _ it? A. have watched B. do watch C. did watch3.A: Ann has gone to Shanghai. B: So her parents.（填词）（填词）4.Youve never seen such a wonderful film before, ? A. havent you B. have you C. do youhave lostlostdid loseChaveB1.他去过两次泸州。他去过两次泸州。He _ _ _ Luzhou _.2.他们去了办公室，将很快回来。他们去了办公室，将很快回来。They _ _ _ the office. They _ _ back soon. 3.他在中国四年了。他在中国四年了。He _ _ _China _ four years.has been totwicehas been inhave gone towill comefor4.自从两年前以来，我就买了这块手表。自从两年前以来，我就买了这块手表。I _ _ the watch _ two years _ .5.他已经离开一小时了。他已经离开一小时了。He _ _ _ _ an hour.have hadagosincehas been away for1. Mr. Green _ in China since five years ago. A. lived B. has lived C. lives2. His grandma _ for two years. A. died B. has been dead C. has died3. A:Where is Han Mei now? B: She _ to Shanghai. She will be back in two days. A. has gone B. has been C goesBBA4. A: to the United Stated ?（填词）（填词） B: No, never,but I went to Canada a few years ago5. You havent changed your mind,_? A. do you B. are you C. have you6. How long have you _ the football team of the school? A. been on B. been C. joined D. played7. How long have you _ this book? A. bought B. borrowed C. had D. lentCHave you beenAC8. -Where have you _ these days? -I have _ to Beijing with my friends. A. been ,gone B. been , been C. gone , been D. gone, gone9. Excuse me, _ you seen the film yet? -Yes, I _ it last night.A. have, see B. have, have seen C. have, seen D. have, saw10. He has never ridden a horse before,_? A. is he B. isnt C. hasnt D. has heBDD中考连接中考连接1. I have posted a letter to my penfriend in America . A. already B. yet C. for two days 2. You have never heard such a story, you? A. havent B. dont C. have3. His grandma for many years. A. died B. has died C. has been deadACC4. Have you ever eat fish? Yes , I have. A B C D 改错：改错： . 5. I my grandmother since two years ago.A. dont see B. see C. havent seen D. saw6. Lin Taos been to Shanghai ,and so _ his sister. A. is B. was C. has D. doesB改为改为 eatenCC7. Jack has a watch. He _ it for two years. A.has had B.has bought C.got D.boughtA8 .How many English words _ you _ since you came to our school? A. have, learned B.do, learn C. will, learn D. did, learn9 . 他们已经派人他们已经派人 去去 请医生请医生 了。了。 They _ _ _ _ a doctor.A Ahave already sent for10. Our English teacher isnt here. She has _ Shanghai. A. been B. gone C. been to D.gone to11.We have learned English for three years. (对划线部分提问对划线部分提问) _ _ _ you _ English?12.从两年前起他就在这儿。从两年前起他就在这儿。 He _ _ _ since two years _ .DHow long havelearnedhas been hereago13.How long _ you _ here since you came to China? A.did,live B.do,live C.have,lived D.will,live14.Anns already read this story-book.(改为否定句改为否定句) Ann _ read this story-book _ .15. Miss White went to tell Jim to put his heart into the lesson. Jims face went red. From then on Jim has / looked out of the window.Chasntyetnever notA: Good morning, doctor. B: Good morning. Whats _ with you, boy?A: I have had a headache and a _. Im feeling weak now.B: How _have you been like this?A: Ever last week.B: Have you your temperature?A: Yes, my mother did. She said it was not very high.完成对话完成对话wrongfever/coughlongsincetaken( )1.Youve never seen such a wonderful film before, _? A. havent you B. have you C. do you D. dont you( ) 2. I have watched the game. When _ you _ it? A. have; watched B. do; watch C. did ;watch D. will; watchBC( ) 3. Mr. Green _ in China since five years ago. A. lived B. has lived C. lives D. is going to live( )4. His grandma _ for two years. A. died B. has died C. was dead D. has been dead BD( )5. Where is Han Mei now? She _ to Shanghai. She will be back in two days. A. has gone B. has been C. goes D. had gone( )6. _ you _to the United Stated ? No, never,but I went to Canada a few years agoA. Have; been B. Have; gone C. Did; go D. Do; go( )7. You havent changed your mind,_?A. do you B. are you C. have you D. did you( )8. How long have you _ the football team of the school?A. played B. been at C. joined D been on AACD( )9. Where have you _ these days? I have _ to Kunming with my friends.A been , gone B been , been C gone , been D gone, gone( )10. How long have you _ this book?A. bought B. borrowed C. had D. lent( )11. Excuse me, _ you seen the film yet? Yes, I _ it last night.A have, see B have, have seen C have, seen D have, saw( )12. He has never ridden a horse before,_? A. is he B. isnt he C. hasnt he D. has heBCDD ( )13.-Where is your father? -He _Australia and be _Sydney for two weeks. A. has been to; has been in B. has gone to; has been in C.has been in ; has been to D. has gone to; has been to( )14. In the past few years there _great changes in my home town. A. have been B. were C. had been D. are( )15._you ever _to the United States? Yes, twiceA.Have ;gone B. Have; been C. Do; go D. Were; goingBAB( )16.-Is your father a Party member? -Yes he _the Party t