主旨大意题解题技巧.ppt

Reading skills- 主旨大意型主旨大意型 考查学生对一篇文章或一段文字的考查学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理深层理解程度解程度及在速读中准确及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题和标题来设题。主题和标题来设题。年年010年的新高考中所有的年的新高考中所有的试题都是在语篇中考查，听力，阅读，试题都是在语篇中考查，听力，阅读，写作，完型填空，语法填空，无一例写作，完型填空，语法填空，无一例外全都突出语篇的重要性，所以在备外全都突出语篇的重要性，所以在备考中必须高度重视考中必须高度重视语篇能力语篇能力语篇能力语篇能力How to grasp the main idea of a passage阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类主旨题主旨题标题类标题类文章主旨文章主旨段落主旨段落主旨专家支招：第一步专家支招：第一步:识别文体识别文体,找主题句找主题句新闻报道新闻报道导语提携全文导语提携全文议论文议论文 总总-分分-总总（论点论据结论）（论点论据结论）说明文说明文主题句主题句（首中尾）（首中尾）记叙文记叙文记叙文六要素记叙文六要素 寻找主题句的方法寻找主题句的方法 识别文体，找主题句识别文体，找主题句：记叙文记叙文（文中一般没有明显的（文中一般没有明显的主题句主题句,）,夹叙夹议文夹叙夹议文(主题句常在议论中主题句常在议论中)，说明文说明文（一般（一般在首段），在首段），议论文议论文（一般为总分总模式，即主题句（作（一般为总分总模式，即主题句（作者的观点）常在首段或末段（作者观点的重申）。当然，者的观点）常在首段或末段（作者观点的重申）。当然，由于写作需要，主题句偶尔也可在一段文章中间。由于写作需要，主题句偶尔也可在一段文章中间。 关注关注文中出现的文中出现的连词连词（转折连词（转折连词but/ however，因果，因果连词连词 so/ therefore，或一些常见但在文章中间出现，或一些常见但在文章中间出现有一定有一定目的的词目的的词（in fact,the study shows that, for example, in short）,因为这些词因为这些词后面后面所阐述的往往就是主题句所阐述的往往就是主题句 。 有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要读者对每段文章的段意进行归纳，在需要读者对每段文章的段意进行归纳，在段落大意段落大意的基础的基础上再进一步加工概括了。上再进一步加工概括了。(四四) 首段出现首段出现疑问句疑问句时时,对该问题的解答就是文章主旨对该问题的解答就是文章主旨. 关注关注高频词高频词 (常为名词常为名词)专家支招专家支招 第二步第二步: 推敲选项推敲选项, 排除干扰排除干扰推敲选项正误的推敲选项正误的5个小窍门个小窍门: 根据第一步寻找主题句根据第一步寻找主题句,找出关键词找出关键词,与四个选项进行匹与四个选项进行匹 配配,选出最合适恰当的答案选出最合适恰当的答案 正确选项常含有正确选项常含有概括性概括性的词语的词语 正确选项不含正确选项不含过分肯定过分肯定或或绝对意义绝对意义的词的词 正确选项应能概括全文正确选项应能概括全文,内容全面内容全面,含义深刻或说明道理含义深刻或说明道理 四个选项中四个选项中,内容相近内容相近或或完全相反完全相反的两个选项中往往有的两个选项中往往有 一个是正确答案一个是正确答案干扰项的特点干扰项的特点:概括范围概括范围太窄太窄,常为文中具体信息或某个段落大意常为文中具体信息或某个段落大意概括范围概括范围太宽太宽,所表达内容常超出文章阐述的内容所表达内容常超出文章阐述的内容无关无关信息信息:即文中未提到或找不到语言依据的信息即文中未提到或找不到语言依据的信息,但看但看 起来又是对的起来又是对的.标题的特点标题的特点: 简练简练, 全面全面, 范围合理范围合理, 常为名词常为名词. 忌范围忌范围太大太大,过于笼统过于笼统,范围范围太小太小(常用常用文中细节文中细节或某段或某段段落大意段落大意来混淆来混淆). 如何寻找主题句如何寻找主题句Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. （1）主题句在段首）主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。道中多采用这种格式。 People have different tastes in foodSample 2Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. （2 2）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据依据, , 层层推理论证层层推理论证, , 最后自然得出结论最后自然得出结论, , 即即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现现, ,它是此段内容的结论。它是此段内容的结论。 No one teaching method can be devised tosatisfy all students at the same time Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.（3 3）在短文中间）在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.return the modern flashlight brings light tomany dark situations Sample 4 （无主题句）（无主题句）Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the Universityof Paris and decided to leave his graduation. Hetransferred to the University of Berlin andgraduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.What is the main idea of the passage?A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.B. Bingham is a diligent student.C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.D. A good lawyer needs good education. Sample 5 (潮阳实验学校9月份月考试题)The study on the impact of light on teenagers sleeping habits finds that insufficient daily morning light exposure contributes to teenagers not getting enough sleep. 50. What would be the best title for the passage?A.Lack of Morning Light Keeping Teenagers up at NightB. Light Therapy Can Reduce Health Risks of Teenagers.C. Measures Impact of Reduced Morning Light Exposure.D. Students Wears Special Glasses to Guarantee Sleep.The studyfinds that_ Sample 6 ( 2007广东高考英语试题阅读理解B篇) Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness, and self- respect? The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as honor help you create this life of good feelings. Heres an example to show how honorable actions create happiness. Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item. If we keep silent, and profit from the clerks mistake, we would drive home with a sense of sneaky excite-ment. Later we might tell our family or friends about our good fortune. On the other hand, if we tell the clerk about the uncharged item, the clerk would be grateful and thank us for our honesty. We would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with another soul. Then, what is it to do with our sense of happiness? In the first case, where we dont tell the clerk, a couple of things would happen. 50. Which of the following can be the best title of this passage.*A. How to Live Truthfully B. Importance of PeacefulnessC. Ways of Gaining Self-respect D. Happiness through Honorable Actions_ 江苏江苏. A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system. It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city. As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction. In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining. Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, which is made of concrete and steel. The drainage system, just below the road surface on one side, removes any extra liquid, particularly water. In the event of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel, pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones. 75. The passage is mainly about _. A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road C. the construction of two tunnels D. the design of two tunnels 06江苏江苏. A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system. It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city. As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction. In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining. Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, which is made of concrete and steel. The drainage system, just below the road surface on one side, removes any extra liquid, particularly water. In the event of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel, pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones. 75. The passage is mainly about _. A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road C. the construction of two tunnels D. the design of two tunnels 在做主旨题时，我们要注意以下几点：在做主旨题时，我们要注意以下几点：第一第一，注意，注意段首，段尾段首，段尾。一般来说，文章的第一段首句或末段尾句往往是文章中心一般来说，文章的第一段首句或末段尾句往往是文章中心思想的体现处思想的体现处,有时段首或段尾的话就是该文章的中心思想。有时段首或段尾的话就是该文章的中心思想。第二第二，特别关注，特别关注结论性结论性或者或者转折性转折性的语言。这些表达方式的语言。这些表达方式有：有：therefore, as a result, thus, so, for example, in fact, moreover, furthermore, whats more, most important of all, but, however, rather, yet等等。等等。第三第三，在选择正确答案的过程中，尽量要避免选择，在选择正确答案的过程中，尽量要避免选择过于绝过于绝对对的选项。例如：选项中包含有的选项。例如：选项中包含有all, completely, only, almost, absolutely, definitely等。通常正确的答案有一等。通常正确的答案有一定的概括性和结论性，定的概括性和结论性，过于细节过于细节的选项往往不是正确答案，的选项往往不是正确答案，而而过于笼统过于笼统的选项则往往缺乏准确性，或者的选项则往往缺乏准确性，或者过于片面过于片面，需，需要我们在选择时注意。要我们在选择时注意。第四第四,标题须简练标题须简练,涵盖主要内容涵盖主要内容,忌忌其确定的范围其确定的范围太大或太太大或太小小 ,设题伎俩设题伎俩常为用常为用文中细节文中细节,或或段落大意段落大意来混淆视听来混淆视听.2010高考实战高考实战 Passage 1 2010 辽宁 CToo much TV-watching can harm childrens ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California third-graders. Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedrooms TVs._67. What would be the best title for this text?A. Computers or Television B. Effects of Television on ChildrenC. Studies on TV and College EducationD. Television and Childrens Learning Habitsnew studiessuggest_Passage 2 2010浙江浙江 CThe term “multitasking” originally referred to peoples ability to carry out several tasks one time. For many people ,multitasking has become a way of life and even a key to success .In fact, some excellent mental acrobic exercises(大量训练)involve engaging the brain in two or more challenging activities at a time .Although checking e-mail while taking on a phone and reading the news-paper may be second nature for some people ,many times multi-tasking can make us less productive , rather than more ,But studies show that too much multitasking can lead to increased anxiety and memory loss.52. What is the main idea oh the passage?A.Multitasking has become a way of life. B. Multitasking often leads to efficiency decline.C. Multitasking describes need to be improved.D. Multitasking enables people to remember things better.But_Passage 3 2010湖南湖南 C People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions-and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why. Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly(均匀的) across a face as Westerners do, Easterners fix their attention on the eyes. We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions, Jack said. Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略) the mouth. ._70. What can be the best title for the passage?A. The Eye as the Window to the Soul B. Cultural Differences in Reading EmotionsC. Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills D. How to Increase Cross-cultural Understandinga new reportexplains why Passage 4 (10福建福建B篇篇) Forget Twitter and Facebook, Google and the Kindle. Television is still the most influential medium around. Indeed ,for many of the poorest regions(地区)of the world, it remains the next big thingfinally becomes globally available. And that is a good thing, because the TV revolution is changing lives for the better. Across the developing world, around 45% of families had a TV in 1995; by 2005 the number had climbed above 60%. 。 Televisions most powerful effect will be on the lives of women. In India, 。 Too much TV has been associated with violence, overweight and loneliness. However, TV is having a positive influence on the lives of billions worldwide._63.What would be the best title for the passage? A.TV Will Rule the World B.TV Will Disturb the World C.TV Will Better the World D.TV Will Remain in WorldHowever_ Passage 5 10重庆重庆A篇篇 One morning more than thirty years ago, I entered the Track Kitchen, a restaurant where everyone from the humblest(卑微的) to the most powerful came for breakfast. I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man, who looked somewhat disheveled. He was wearing a worn-out hat and was alone. I asked if I might join him. He agreed quietly and I sat down to have my breakfast.We cautiously began a conversation and spoke about a wide rang of things. We never introduced ourselves. I was concerned that he might have no money and not be able to afford something to eat. So as I rose to go back to the counter and buy a second cup of coffee, I asked,“My I get you something ?”“A coffee would be nice.” Then I bought him a cup of coffee, We talked more, and he accepted another cup of coffee, Finally, I rose to leave, wished him well, and headed for the exit. At the door I met one of my friends. He asked,“How did you get to know Mr. Galbreath?” “Who?” “The man you were sitting with. He is chairman of the Board of Churchill Downs.” I could hardly believe it. I was buying, offering a free breakfast, and feeling pity for one of the worlds richest and most powerful men My few minutes with Mr. Galbreath changed my life. Now I try to treat everyone with respect, no matter who I think they are, and no matter another human being with kindness and sincerity.夹叙夹议文夹叙夹议文,主题句主题句常在哪里常在哪里?59. What is the message mainly expressed in the story?A. We should learn to be generous. B. It is honorable to help those in need.C. People in high positions are not like what we expect.D. We should avoid judging people by their appearances._ Passage 6 2010全国卷全国卷1 C Along the river banks of the Amazon and the Orinoco there lives a bird that swims before it can fly, flies like a fat chicken, eats green leaves, has the stomach of a cow and has claws（爪）on its wings when young. They build their homes about 4.6 m above the river, an important feature （特征）for the safety of the young. It is called the hoatzin. In appearance, the birds of both sexes look very much alike with brown on the back and cream and red on the underside. The head is small, wi