2021年山东职称英语考试真题卷（1）.docx

2021年山东职称英语考试真题卷（1）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.第三篇 Eat More，Weigh Less，Live Longer Clever genetic detective work may have found out the reason why a near。starvation diet prolongs the life of many animals Ronald Kahn at Harvard Medical School in Boston，US，and his colleagues have been able to extend the lifespan(寿命)of mice by 18 per cent by blocking the rodents(啮齿动物) increase of fat in specific cellsThis suggests that thinness-and hot necessarily diet-promotes long life in “ calerie (热量卡) restricted” animals “Its very cool work”says aging researcher Cynthia Kenyon of the University of California，San Francisco“These mice eat all they want，lose weight and live longerIts like heaven” Calorie restriction dramatically extends the lifespan of organisms as different as worms and rodentsWhether this works in humans is still unknown，partly because few people are willing to submit to such a strict diet But many researchers hope they will be able to trigger the same effect with a drug once they understand how less food leads to a longer lifeOne theory is that eating less reduces the increase of harmful things that can damage cellsBut Kahns team wondered whether the animals simply benefit by becoming thin To find out。they used biology tricks to disrupt the insulin(胰岛素)receptor(受体)gene in lab mice_but only in their fat cells“Since insulin is needed to help fat cells store fat，these animals were protected against becoming fat，”explains Kahn This slight genetic change in a single tissue had dramatic effectsBy three months of age，Kahn，s modified mice had up to 70 per cent less body fat than normal control mice，despite the fact that they ate 55per cent more food per gram of body weight In addition，their lifespan increasedThe average control mouse lived 753 days，while the thin rodents averaged a lifespan of 887 daysAfter three years，all the control mice had died，but one-quarter of the modified rodents were still alive “That they get these effects by just manipulating t11e fat cells is controversial，”says Leonard Guarente of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who studies calorie restriction and aging But Guarente says Kahn has yet to prove that the same effect is responsible for increased lifespan in calorierestricted animals“It might be the same effect or there might be two routes to long life，”he points out，“and that would be very interesting”Ronald Kahn and his colleagues can make mice live longer byAoffering them less foodBgiving them a balanced dietCdisrupting the specific genes in their fat cellsDpreventing them growing larger 2.Winners and Losers Why are the biggest winners in the past decade of trade globalization mostly in South and East Asia，whereas the biggest losers are mostly in theformer Soviet bloc(集团)andsubSaharan Africa History is a partial guide：East Asia has a long trading tradition，lately reinvigorated(给以新的活力)by the Chinese adoption of market economicsThe Soviet Union，on the other hand，was sheltered from freemarket forces for more than 70 yearsIn Africa，some countries are disadvantaged because of inadequate infrastructure(基础结构)；many countries have little to trade but commodities，the prices of which have fallen in recent years In some regions，certain countries have suffered by adopting misguided policies，oftenunder pressure from International Monetary FundFirst among these is Russiawhich in theearly 1990s tried to embrace capitalism before first building the institutions that make capitalism work，such as an independent bank system，a system of business law, and all adequate method for collecting taxesEncouraged by the IMF the World Bank and the USDepartment of the Treasury, President Boris Yeltsins regime privatized the stateowned industrial sector, creating a class of oligarchs(寡头政治集团成员)，who，knowing how unstable conditions were at homesent their money abroad instead of investing it at home In contrast，China，the biggest winner from globalization，did not follow the IMF formulaOf the former states of the Soviet bloc，only a few，notably Poland and Hungary, managed to grow, which they did by ignoring IMF advice and adopting expansionary plansincludingspending more than they collected in taxesBotswana and Uganda are also Success stories：despite their disadvantages，their countries achieved vigorous growth by creating stable civil societies，liberalizing trade and implementing reforms that ran counter to IMF prescriptionsAll African countries followed the IMF formulaARightBWrongCNot mentioned 3.Stanford University1 Stanford University, famous as one of northern Californias several institutions of higher learning，is sometimes called “the Harvard of the West” The closeness of Stanford to San Francisco，a city thirty-two miles to the north，gives the university a decidedly cosmopolitan (世界性的) flavor2 The students are enrolled mainly from the western United StatesBut most of the fifty states send students to Stanford，and many foreign students study here，as wellAnd standards for admission remain highYoung men and women are selected to enter the university from the upper fifteen percent of their high school classes3 Not only because of me high caliber(素质)of its students but also because of the desirablelocation and climate，Stanford has attracted to its faculty some of the worlds most respectedscholarsThe university staff has included many Nobel prize winners such as DrFelix Bloch，DrRobert Hofstadter, and DrWilliam Shockley in physicsDrAuthor Kornberg and DrJoshuaLederberg in medicineand DrPaul JFlory and DrLinus Pauling in chemistryThe Russiannovelist Aleksandr Solzhenistsyn has been in residenceStanfordS undergraduate school of engineering and its graduate schools of business，law，and medicine are especially well-regarded4 What is student life like on “The Farm” Culturallythe campus is a magnet for bothstudents and citizens of nearby communitiesP1ays，concerts，and operas are performed in the universitys several auditoriums and in its outdoor theater, where graduations are also heldSeveral film series are presented during the school yearGuest lecturers from public and academic life frequently appear on campusIn the evenings，many students gather to socialize in the Student Unions coffee house；here the beverages(饮料)and the atmosphere both have a decidedly European flavorFor the sportsminded，the Stanford campus offers highly developed athletic facilitiesTeam spots，swimming，and track and field activity are a11 very much part of the Stanford pictureSo are bicycling and jogging5 In addition to financial support from alumni(校友)，Stanford receives grants from thegovernment and from private philanthropic(慈善的)foundations。In recent years，governmentgrants have made possible advanced studies in the fields of history, psychology, education，and atomic energyAt present Stanford is carrying out an ambitious building program，financed in part by山e Ford Foundations 25 million grantRecently added to the campus are a new physics building，new school of business，new graduate school of law，new student union，and undergraduate library23 Paragraph 2 _ .24 Paragraph 3_ . 25 Paragraph 4_ . 26 Paragraph 5_ . A Colorful Life on CampusB Intelligent Student BodyC School AdministrationD Distinguished FacultyE Substantial Financial SupportF The Harvard of the West 4.第二篇 Star Quality A new anti-cheating system for counting the judges scores in ice skating is flawed，according to leading sports specialistsIce skatings governing body announced the new rules last week after concerns that a judge at the Winter Olympics may have been unfairly influenced Initially the judges in the pairs figureskating event at the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City voted 5 to 4 to give the gold medal to a Russian pair，even though they had a fall during their routineBut the International Skating Union suspended the French judge for failing to reveal that she had been put under pressure to Vote for the RussiansThe International Olympics Committee then decided to give a second gold to the Canadian runners-up(亚军) The ISU，skatings governing body, now says it intends to change the rulesIn future 14 judges will judge each event，but only 7 of their scores-selected at random-will count, The ISU wont finally approve the new system until it meets in June but already UK Sportthe British Governments sports bodyhas expressed reservations“I remain to be convinced that the random selection system would offer the guarantees that everyone concerned with ethical sport is looking for，says Jerry Bingham，UK Sports head of ethics(伦理) A random system can still be manipulated，says Mark Dixon，a specialist on sports statistics from the Royal Statistical Society in London“The score of one or two judges who have been nobbled(受到贿赂)may still be in the seven selected” Many other sports that have judges，including diving，gymnastics，and synchronized swimminghave a system that discards the highest and lowest scoresIf a judge was under pressure to favour a particular team，they would tend to give it very high scores and mark down the opposition team，so their scores wouldnt countIt works for diving，says Jeff Cook，a member of the international government bodys technical committee“If you remove those at the top and bottom youre left with those in the middle，SO youre getting a reasonable average Since the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, diving has tightened up in its system still furtherTwo separate panels of judges score different rounds of diving during top competitionsNeither panel knows the scores given by the otherWe have done this to head off any suggestion of bias”says Cook Bingham urged the ISU to consider other options“Tms should involve examining the way in which other sports deal with the problem of adjudicating(裁定)on matter of style and presentation，”he saysWho won the gold medal in the pairs figure-skating eventAThe Russian pairBThe Canadian pairCBoth the Russian pair and the Canadian pairDThe French pair 5.Less Is More It sounds all wrong-drilling holes in a piece of wood to make it more resistant to knocksBut it works because the energy from the blow gets distributed throughout the wood rather than focusing on one weak spotThe discovery should lead to more effective and lighter packaging materials. Carpenters have known _(51)centuries that some woods are tougher than othersHickory(山核桃木)，for example，was turned into axe handles and cartwheel spokes(轮辐)because it Can absorb shocks without breakingWhite oak，for example，is much more easilydamaged，_ (52)it is almost as denseJulian Vincent at Bathe University and his team were convinced the woods internal structure could explain the differencesMany trees have tubular(管的)vessels that run _ (53)the trunk and carry water to the leavesIn oak they are large，and arranged in narrow bands，but in hickory they are smaller，and more evenly distributedThe researchers _ (54)this layout might distribute a blows energy throughout the woodsoaking up a bigger hitTo test the idea，they drilled holes 0.65 millimetres across into a block of spruce(云杉)，a wood with _ (55)vessels，and found that _ (56)withstood a harder knock_ (57)when there were more than about 30holes per square centimetre did the woods performance drop off A uniform substance doesnt cope well with knocks because only a small proportion of the material is actually _ (58)All the energy from the blow goes towards breaking thematerial in one or two places，but often the pieces left _ (59)are pristine(未经破坏的) But instead of the energy being concentrated in one place，the holes provide many weak spots that all absorb energy as they break，says Vincent“You are controlling the places_ (60)the wood breaks，and it can then absorb more _ (61)，more safely”The researchers believe the principle could be applied to any material- _ (62)exampleto manufacture lighter and more protective packagingIt could _ (63)be used in Car bumpers，crash barriers and armour for military vehicles，says Ulrike Wegst， _ (64)the Max Plank Institute for Mental Research in StuttgartBut she emphasizes that you _ (65)to design the substance with the direction of force in mind“The direction ofloading is crucial，”she saysAinBsinceCforD at 6.27 Those high school graduates who can enter Stanford University _. 28 Many professors like to teach in this university partly because here_ . 29 On the faculty of the university there are_ . 30 Financial support from both private organizations and the government has made possible_ . A they can find the best studentsB the universitys academic advancement and physical extensionC some of the most distinguished scholars D where a sports meet is held every yearE must have been the top students in their classesF must be hardworking 7.第一篇 Technology Transfer in Germany When it comes to translating basic research into industrial Success，few nations can match GermanySince the 1940s,the nations vast industrial base has been fed with a constant stream of new ideas and expertise from scienceAnd though German prosperity(繁荣)has faltered(衰退)over the past decade because of the huge cost of unifying east and west as well as the global economic declineit still has an enviable record for turning ideas into profit Much of the reason for也at success is the Fraunhofer Society，a network of researchinstitutes t11at exists solely to solve industrial problems and create soughtafter technologiesBut today the Fraunhofer institutes have competitionUniversities are taking an ever larger role in technology transfer, and technology parks are springing up all overThese efforts are being complemented by the federal programmes for pumping money into start-up companies Such a strategy may sound like a recipe for economic success，but it is not without its criticsThese people worry that favouring applied research will mean neglecting basic science，eventually starving industry of fresh ideasIf every scientist starts thinking like an entrepreneur(企业家)，the argument goes，then the traditional principles of university research being curiositydrivenfree and widely available will SufferOthers claim that many of the programmes to promote technology transfer are a waste of money because half the small businesses that are promoted are bound to go bankrupt within a few years While this debate continu