2021年山东在职攻读硕士联考考试考前冲刺卷（2）.docx

2021年山东在职攻读硕士联考考试考前冲刺卷（2）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Passage Two There are three trends most widely blamed for causing environmental problemspopulation growth, urbanization and industrialization. The worlds population is increasing by around 85 million every yearthe equivalent of, say, another Mexico. The pace of growth has come down a little since the 1960s, but according to United Nations projections it remains fast enough to push the worlds population above 9 billion, from around 6 billion today. Most of that growth will be in developing countries. The population explosion of the past few decades has been due to a happy trend: a dramatic rise in life expectancy (平均寿命), thanks in part to the spread of modern medicines and better sanitation. But, say environmentalists, the worlds Supply of natural resources is finite, and in some regions particular resources are already scarce (water in the Middle East, certain species of fish in the North Atlantic). How can these resources be made to go round an extra 3 billion people Increasing urbanization is another environmental worry. The historic movement from country to town in rich countries is now being echoed in poor countries, but on a much bigger scale. The UN expects that between 1990 and 2025 the number of people living in urban areas will double to more than 5 billion, and that 90% of that growth will be in developing countries. In Africa and Asia more than half the population still lives in the countryside, compared with only a fifth in Europe and North America. Country-dwellers in developing countries are moving to cities for the same sort of reasons as in the rich countries in the 19th century: they are pushed by a scarcity of farm jobs, and they are pulled by the hope of better jobs and a better life. Governments in many developing countries have accelerated this progress by pursuing economic policies that discriminate against agriculture: until recently, for example, many governments kept food prices artificially low. The reason why urbanization is likely to harm the local environment is simply that people are much more densely crowded together. Burn a tyre in the countryside, and no one may worry about it; but in the city it will cause a great many coughs and splutters (杂乱的声音). Industrialization, too, is an obvious cause of environmental problems. Todays rich countries moved first from agriculture to manufacturing industries which use resources intensively, and later to services and less polluting types of manufacturing. Many developing countries are now undergoing that first transition at the same time succumbing to (屈从于) a temptation not available in the 19th century: motor vehicles.The population explosion will lead to _ . Ashortage of worlds supply of natural resourcesBa happy trend of rise in life expectancyCemergence of many new citiesDspread of modern medicines 2.Passage Three Forget Harry Potter. No matter that the film about this schoolboy with magic powers broke all box-office records on its opening weekend, taking $94 m in the United States and $23 m in Britain, the truly momentous phenomenon in the film industry is not a pre-pubescent wizard but a humble circular piece of plastic: the digital versatile disc (DVD). Next year, for the first time, sales of movies in DVD format are forecast to outsell those on video cassette in America, reaching a total of $9.5 billion, according to Morgan Stanley, an investment bank. Already, 80% of American households have DVD players. With a DVD recorder now in the shops as well, something that can record from the TV as well as play the discs, Christmas sales are expected to be strong. A technology considered a flop when it was launched in 1997 is now the basis for the fastest-growing consumer appliance ever. Some in the film business complain that people are simply buying DVDs instead of video cassettes: there is no net gain. Yet DVDs can do things that the cassette cannot, such as offer a choice of language in which to watch a movie, not to mention a clearer picture. And the studios have cleverly stuffed DVDs full of lively extra features, such as new clips or interviews with the director. Moreover, people appear to want to build up collections of DVDs, rather as they do of recorded music. The DVD is steadily gaining shelf space, even in the movie-rental store, and it should overtake (赶上，追上) the cassette even there within three years. And shops like DVDs, not least because they take up less space. The DVD could well boost the size of the overall home-video market. Already, recent releases on DVD, such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Star Wars Episode One, have sold millions of copies each. At a time when any revenue growth in the media industry is startling, DVD sales at AOL Time Warner jumped by 44% in the third quarter this year, compared with the same period of 2000, to $279 m. But how lasting will the DVD effect be Some 80% of a films revenue comes from its distribution after the cinema release: to home video, pay-TV and the like. "The largest single portion of that revenue will be the DVD business," says Christopher Dixon of UBS Warburg, an investment bank, which in turn will help to reduce the risk involved in making movies. "The DVD is the most exciting development in the film industry," he adds, "but every eight years there has been a new distribution platform in the entertainment business. None of them lasts forever. "When launched in 1997, DVD recorder was considered _ . Atechnological breakthroughBmomentous phenomenon in the film industryCtotal failureDthe fastest growing consumer appliance 3.Passage One The brain drain (人才流失) is a universal phenomenon, and countries that dont face up to the new reality will be losing some of their most precious resources. The northeast of England is its poorest region, and has experienced a severe loss of highly qualified professionals-to-be. Some of the most able 18-year-olds are going to other parts of Britain, even to other countries. What is happening here is happening to Britain as a whole. Most noticeably, there is a growing trend of British students taking degrees in American universities. This year the number will break the psychological barrier of 1 000 students for the first time. And what is happening at the secondary-school level is happening to higher education. Wherever they come from, todays students have a very different perspective on education from their parents. Because of television, the Internet and their own travels, these students see the world as a much smaller place than their parents once did. They are more confident in accepting the challenge of moving from one country to another, from one culture to another; in many eases they can even apply to schools over the Internet. Students are also more aware of the overall cost of education and are looking for value for money. Plus, for many, education linked to travel is a better option than education at home. In the context of student globe-trotters (周游世界者), as world-class British universities like Oxford suddenly find themselves fighting over British students with the Harvards of the world, they face major challenges. It is not simply that Harvard is a wealthier institution: Harvard Universitys endowment $14.5 billionis estimated to be ten times that of Oxford. Harvard also offers a radically different educational experience, stressing breadth of study and real-world applications of knowledge. Today, bound in by nearly a millennium of tradition and lacking sufficient financial help from the national government, Oxford cannot easily respond to the quickened global pace of educational change. Rightly or wrongly, Oxford in particular has been slowor unwillingto put the kind of emphasis other universities have on more business-friendly curricula (课程). Thus it has slipped behind universities like Cambridge and Harvard in the battle for resources that tend to go to more business-minded institutions. Education is an expensive business, but the consequences of a failure to educateespecially in an increasingly globalized worldare even more expensive.Many British students may prefer Harvard over Oxford because all of the following EXCEPT that _ . AHarvard is wealthierBHarvard is more famousCHarvard offers a radically different educational experienceDHarvard responds more quickly to the global pace of educational change 4.Passage Four Politically, the nations of the world will become more tightly integrated because of rapidly improving telecommunications and transportation. A global culture will develop rapidly as the nations colonize each other. The emerging global culture will pick and choose its clothing style, culinary (烹饪用的) specialties, drinks, games, sports, customs, and other cultural artifacts from countries everywhere. A network of superhighways will link up the nations of Asia, Europe, and Africa Macroengineers now are talking enthusiastically about a tunnel under the Mediterranean at Gibraltar (直布罗陀) to link Europe with Africa. Construction might start early in the twenty-first century, but financing such a project poses a major challenge. Meanwhile, superhighways will crisscross the Eurasian land mass, allowing residents of Shanghai and Hong Kong to drive comfortably and rapidly to Paris, Rome, and Stockholm. Travelers in a hurry will, of course, still prefer to fly, especially over long distances. Space-planes should be in service within the next 20 years, making flights from Tokyo to New York in only a couple of hours. On the ground, high-speed maglev trains (磁悬浮火车) will whisk passengers to their destinations. Humans will push out the frontiers of human settlement in all directions. The moon will acquire its first permanent base, and perhaps the first Lunarians (月球居民) will be born. The human population living in space will rise steadily, as manufacturing develops abroad spacecraft and the resources of asteroids (小行星) are explored. Advancing technology will also solve many of the problems of living and working in unfriendly environments on Earth, so the population of Antarctica and the polar regions will climb steadily. The forbidding Himalaya Mountains may experience a development boom, including, perhaps, luxury hotels for tourists on once-forbidding Mount Everest. The pace of ocean development will speed up. Ocean farming will become increasingly attractive as food prices rise. Studies have shown that the biological productivity of the ocean can be greatly increased by adding certain chemicals. An "ocean rush" could develop, and coastal nations with extensive ocean claims stand to benefit. However, conflicts between nations over ocean resources will likely intensify.What problem is likely to be faced by the construction of a tunnel under the Mediterranean to link Europe with Africa ATechnological.BFinancial.CPolitical.DEnvironmental. 5. Most children with healthy appetites are ready to eat almost anything that is offered them and a child rarely dislikes food (51) it is badly cooked. The way a meal is cooked and served is most important and an (52) served meal will often improve a childs appetite. Never ask a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and never (53) likes and dislikes in front of him or allow anybody else to do so. If the father says he hates fat meat or the mother refuses vegetables in the childs hearing he is (54) to copy this procedure. Take it (55) granted that he likes everything and he probably will. Nothing healthful should be omitted from the meal because of a (56) dislike. At meal times it is a good idea to give a child a small portion and let him (57) back for a second helping rather than give him as much as he is likely to eat all at once. Do not talk too much to the child (58) meal times, but let him get on with his food; and do not allow him to leave the table immediately after a meal or he will soon learn to swallow his food (59) he can hurry back to his toys. Under (60) circumstances must a child be coaxed or forced to eat. AadequatelyBattractivelyCurgentlyDeagerly 6.Passage Three Forget Harry Potter. No matter that the film about this schoolboy with magic powers broke all box-office records on its opening weekend, taking $94 m in the United States and $23 m in Britain, the truly momentous phenomenon in the film industry is not a pre-pubescent wizard but a humble circular piece of plastic: the digital versatile disc (DVD). Next year, for the first time, sales of movies in DVD format are forecast to outsell those on video cassette in America, reaching a total of $9.5 billion, according to Morgan Stanley, an investment bank. Already, 80% of American households have DVD players. With a DVD recorder now in the shops as well, something that can record from the TV as well as play the discs, Christmas sales are expected to be strong. A technology considered a flop when it was launched in 1997 is now the basis for the fastest-growing consumer appliance ever. Some in the film business complain that people are simply buying DVDs instead of video cassettes: there is no net gain. Yet DVDs can do things that the cassette cannot, such as offer a choice of language in which to watch a movie, not to mention a clearer picture. And the studios have cleverly stuffed DVDs full of lively extra features, such as new clips or interviews with the director. Moreover, people appear to want to build up collections of DVDs, rather as they do of recorded music. The DVD is steadily gaining shelf space, even in the movie-rental store, and it should overtake (赶上，追上) the cassette even there within three years. And shops like DVDs, not least because they take up less space. The DVD could well boost the size of the overall home-video market. Already, recent releases on DVD, such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Star Wars Episode One, have sold millions of copies each. At a time when any revenue growth in the media industry is startling, DVD sales at AOL Time Warner jumped by 44% in the third quarter this year, compared with the same period of 2000, to $279 m. But how lasting will the DVD effect be Some 80% of a films revenue comes from its distribution after the cinema release: to home video, pay-TV and the like. "The largest single portion of that revenue will be the DVD business," says Christopher Dixon of UBS Warburg, an investment bank, which in turn will help to reduce the risk involved in making movies. "The DVD is the most exciting development in the film industry," he adds, "but every eight years there has been a new distribution platform in the entertainment business. None of them lasts forever. "People are buying DVDs instead of video casse