2021年贵州职称英语考试模拟卷（5）.docx

2021年贵州职称英语考试模拟卷（5）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。Inventor of LED When Nick Holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor alloys, his colleagues thought he was unrealistic. Today, his discovery of light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, are used in everything from DVDs to alarm clocks to airports. Dozens of his students have continued his work, developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technology. On April 23, 2004, Holonyak received the $ 500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize at a ceremony in Washington. This marks the 10th year that the Lemelson-MIT Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has given the award to prominent inventors. "Anytime you get an award, big or little, its always a surprise. " Holonyak said. Holonyak, 75, was a student of John Bardeen, an inventor of the transistor, in the early 1950s. After graduate school, Holonyak worked at Bell Labs. He later went to General Electric, where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switches. Later, Holonyak started looking into how semiconductors could be used to generate light. But while his colleagues were looking at how to generate invisible light, he wanted to generate visible light. The LEDs he invented in 1962 now last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective. Holonyak, now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the University of Illinois, said he suspected that LEDs would become as commonplace as they are today, but didnt realize how many uses they would have. "You dont know in the beginning. You think youre doing something important, you think its worth doing, but you really cant tell what the big payoff is going to be, and when, and how. You just dont know. " he said. The Lemelson-MIT Program also recognized Edith Flanigen, 75, with the $100,000 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award for her work on a new generation of "molecular sieves," that can separate molecules by size.Holonyak believed that his students that were working with him on the project would get the Lemelson MIT Prize sooner or later. AA. RightBB. WrongCC. Not mentioned 2.B第二篇/BSleep Lets Brain File Memories To sleep. Perchance to file Findings published online this week by the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzzs. Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers University and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically, they examined the electrical activity emanating(散发) from the somato-sensory (耳、目、口等以外的) neocortex (新大脑皮层) ( an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus(海马), which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined. So-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex) were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples. The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation. A second study, also published online this week by the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels. Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes(糖尿病，多尿症) suffer from increased memory problems. In the new work, Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels, which tend to increase with age, affect memory in healthy people as well. The scientists administered recall tests, brain scans (细看，审视，浏览，扫描) and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the bodys tissues. Subjects with the poorest memory recollection, the team discovered, also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance. In addition, their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar. "Our study suggests that this impairment (损害、损伤) may contribute to the memory deficits (赤字、不足额) that occur as people age. " Convit says. "And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition. " Exercise and weight control can help keep glucose levels in check(阻止、制止), so there may be one more reason to go to the gym.What is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried out at Rutgers University AThe electrical activity is emanating from the somatosensory neocortex.BOscillations in brain waves are from hippocampus.CSomatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together in memory consolidation.DSomatosensory neocortex plays a primary role in memory consolidation. 3.下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。Inventor of LED When Nick Holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor alloys, his colleagues thought he was unrealistic. Today, his discovery of light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, are used in everything from DVDs to alarm clocks to airports. Dozens of his students have continued his work, developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technology. On April 23, 2004, Holonyak received the $ 500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize at a ceremony in Washington. This marks the 10th year that the Lemelson-MIT Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has given the award to prominent inventors. "Anytime you get an award, big or little, its always a surprise. " Holonyak said. Holonyak, 75, was a student of John Bardeen, an inventor of the transistor, in the early 1950s. After graduate school, Holonyak worked at Bell Labs. He later went to General Electric, where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switches. Later, Holonyak started looking into how semiconductors could be used to generate light. But while his colleagues were looking at how to generate invisible light, he wanted to generate visible light. The LEDs he invented in 1962 now last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective. Holonyak, now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the University of Illinois, said he suspected that LEDs would become as commonplace as they are today, but didnt realize how many uses they would have. "You dont know in the beginning. You think youre doing something important, you think its worth doing, but you really cant tell what the big payoff is going to be, and when, and how. You just dont know. " he said. The Lemelson-MIT Program also recognized Edith Flanigen, 75, with the $100,000 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award for her work on a new generation of "molecular sieves," that can separate molecules by size.Holonyak was the inventor of the transistor in the early 1950s. AA. RightBB. WrongCC. Not mentioned 4.下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。Cell Phone Lets Your Secret Out Your cell phone holds secrets about you. Besides the names and U (51) /U that youve programmed into it, traces of your DNA linger on the device, according to a new study. DNA is genetic material that U (52) /U in every cell. Like your fingerprint, your DNA is unique to you U (53) /U you have an identical twin. Scientists today routinely analyze DNA in blood, saliva, or hair left U (54) /U at the scene of a crime. The results often help detectives identify U (55) /U and their victims. Your cell phone can reveal more about you U (56) /U you might think. Method J. McFadden, a scientist at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, heard about a crime in which the suspect bled onto a cell phone and later dropped the U (57) /U. This made her wonder whether traces of DNA lingered on cell phoneseven when no blood was involved. U (58) /Ushe and colleague Margaret Wallace of the City University of New York analyzed the flip-open phones of 10 volunteers. They used swabs to collect U (59) /U traces of the users from two parts of the phone: the outside, where the user holds it, and the U (60) /U , which is placed at the users ear. The scientists scrubbed the phones using a solution made mostly U (61) /U alcohol. The aim of washing was to remove all detectable traces of DNA. The owners got their phones U (62) /U for another week. Then the researchers collected the phones and repeated the swabbing of each phone once more. The scientists discovered DNA that U (63) /U to the phones speaker on each of the phones. Better samples were collected from the outside of each phone, but those swabs also picked up DNA that belonged to other people who had apparently also handled the phone. U (64) /U, DNA showed up even in swabs that were taken immediately after the phones were scrubbed. That suggests that washing wont remove all traces of evidence from a criminals device. So cell phones can now be added to the U (65) /U of clues that can clinch a crime-scene investigation. AappealsBappointCappearsDapplies 5.下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题定1个最佳选项。B第一篇/BPlant Gas Scientists have been studying natural sources of methane (甲烷，沼气) for decades but hadnt regarded plants as a producer, notes Frank Keppler, a geochemist(地球化学家) at the Max Planek Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, Germany. Now Keppler and his colleagues find that plants, from grasses to trees, may also be sources of the greenhouse gas. This is really surprising, because most scientists assumed that methane production requires an oxygen-free environment. Previously, researchers had thought that it was impossible for plants to make significant amounts of the gas. They had assumed that microbes(微生物) need to be in environments without oxygen to produce methane. Methane is a greenhouse gas, like carbon dioxide. Gases such as methane and carbon dioxide trap heat in Earths atmosphere and contribute to global warming. In its experiments, Kepplers team used sealed chambers (室，房间；腔) that contained the same concentration of oxygen that Earths atmosphere has. They measured the amounts of methane that were released by both living plants and dried plant material, such as fallen leaves. With the dried plants, the researchers took measurement at temperatures ranging from 30 degrees Celsius to 70 degrees C.At 30 degrees C., they found, a gram of dried plant material released up to 3 nanograms(微克) of methane per hour (One nanogram is a billionth of a gram. ). With every 10-degree rise in temperature, the amount of methane released each hour roughly doubled. Living plants growing at their normal temperatures released as much as 370 nanograms of methane per gram of plant tissue per hour. Methane emissions tripled (增加三倍) when living and dead plant was exposed to sunlight. Because there was plenty of oxygen available, its unlikely that the types of bacteria( bacterium 的复数，细菌) that normally make methane were involved. Experiments on plants that were grown in water rather than soil also resulted in methane emissions. Thats another strong sign that the gas came from the plants and not soil microbes. The new finding is an "interesting observation," says Jennifer Y.King, a biogeochemist(生物地球化学家) at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul. Because some types of soil microbes consume methane, they may prevent plant-produced methane from reaching the atmosphere. Field tests will be needed to assess the plants influence, she notes.To test whether plants are a source of methane, the scientists created _. Aa oxygen-free environmentBan environment with the same concentration of oxygen as the Earth hasCa carbon dioxide-free environmentDan environment filled with the greenhouse gas 6.B第三篇/BHurricane (飓风) Katrina A hurricane is a fiercely powerful, rotating(旋转的)form of tropical storm that can be 124 to 1,240 miles in diameter. The term hurricane is derived from Hurican, the name of a native American storm god. Hurricanes are typical of a calm central region of low pressure between "12 to 60 miles in diameter, known as the eye. They occur in tropical regions. Over its lifetime, one of these can release as much energy as 10,000 nuclear bombs. The seed for hurricane formation is a cluster(聚集) of thunderstorm over warm tropical waters. Hurricanes can only form and be fed when the sea-surface temperature exceeds 27 and the surrounding atmosphere is calm. These requirements are met between June and November in the northern part of the world. Under these conditions, large quantities of water evaporate (蒸发) and condense (冷凝) into clouds and rain-releasing heat in the process. It is this heat energy, combined with the rotation of the Earth, that drives a hurricane. When the warm column of air from the sea surface first begins to rise, it causes an area of low pressure. This in turn creates wind as air is drawn into the area. This spinning wind drags up more moist air from the sea surface in a process that strengthens the storm. Cold air falls back to the ocean surface through the eye and on the outside of the storm. Initially, when wind speeds reach 23 miles per hour, these mild, wet and grey weather systems are known as depressions, or low air pressure. Hurricane Katrina formed in this way over the southeastern Bahamas on 23 August 2005, Katrina has had a devastating impact on the Gulf Coast of the US, leaving a disaster zone of 90,000 square miles in its wake(尾迹)-almost the size of the UK. Thousands have been killed or injured and more than half a million people have become homeless in a humanitarian(人道主义的) crisis of a scale not seen in the US since the Great Depression. The cost of the damage may top $100 billion.Which of the following is NOT a "requirement" for the formation of a hurricane ACalm surrounding atmosphere.BHigh air pressure.CWarm sea-surface temperature.DA group of thunderstorms over warm tropical waters. 7.B第二篇/BSleep Lets Brain File Memories To sleep. Perchance to file Findings published online this week by the proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzzs. Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutg