2021广东职称英语考试真题卷（3）.docx

2021广东职称英语考试真题卷（3）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.B第二篇/BCT Scans and Lung Cancer Small or slow-growing nodules (小结节) discovered on a lung scan are unlikely to develop into tumors over the next two years, researchers reported on Wednesday. The findings, reported in the New England Journal of Medicine, could help doctors decide when to do more aggressive testing for lung cancer. They could also help patients avoid unnecessarily aggressive and potentially harmful testing when lesions (损伤) are found. Lung cancer, the biggest cancer killer in the United States and globally, is often not diagnosed until it has spread. It kills 159,000 people a year in the United States alone. The work is part of a larger effort to develop guidelines to help doctors decide what to do when such growths, often discovered by accident, appear in a scan. High-tech (高技术的) X-rays called CT scans can detect tumors - but they see all sorts of other blobs (糊涂的一团) that are not tumors, and often the only way to tell the difference is to take a biopsy (活检), a dangerous procedure. At the moment, routine lung cancer screening is considered impractical because of its high cost and because too many healthy people are called back for further testing. Good guidelines could help make lung cancer screening practical, Dr. Rob van Klaveren of the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, who led the new study, said in a telephone inter view. The team looked at 7,557 people at high risk for lung cancer because they were current and former smokers. All received multidetector (多层螺旋) CT scans that measured the size of any suspicious-looking nodules. Volunteers who had nodules over 9.7 mm in width, or had growths of 4.6 mm that grew fast enough to more than double in volume every 400 days, were sent for further testing. Of the 196 people who fell into that category, 70 were found to have lung cancer; 10 additional cases were found years later. But of the 7,361 who tested negative during screening, only 20 lung cancer cases later developed. In a second round of screening, done one year after the first, 1.8 percent were sent to the doctor because they had a nodule that was large or fast-growing. More than half turned out to have lung cancer. The result means that if the screening test says you dont have lung cancer, you probably dont, the researchers said. "The chances of finding lung cancer one and two years after a negative first-round test were 1 in 1,000 and 3 in 1,000 respectively," they concluded. Which is probably NOT true of lung cancer ASmokers are usually considered to be at high risk for it.BIt is the leading cause of cancer deaths around the world.C159,000 new cases of it are diagnosed in the US each year.DIt often goes unnoticed until it has spread. 2.下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。Skin Cancer Melanoma (黑素瘤), the deadliest kind of skin cancer, is now the most common cancer inU (51) /U British women, the countrys leading cancer organization said Wednesday. Skin cancer has U (52) /U cervical (子宫颈的) cancer as the top cancer striking women in their 20s, according to the latest data from Cancer Research United Kingdom. The trend is particularly U (53) /U since younger people are not generally those most susceptible (易患的) to melanoma. Rates of skin cancer are U (54) /U highest in people over age 75. But experts worry that increasing numbers of younger people being diagnosed with skin cancer could be the U (55) /U of a dangerous trend. Women in their 20s make U (56) /U a small percentage of all patients diagnosed with melanoma in Britain, but nearly a third of all cases occur in people younger than 50. Based on current numbers, Cancer Research UK predicts that melanoma will become the fourth U (57) /U common cancer for men and women of all ages by 2024, and that cases will jump from about 9,000 cases a year to more than 15,500. Cancer experts U (58) /U the rising number of skin cancer cases largely to the surge in people using tanning salons. "Spending time on sun beds is just as U (59) /U as staying out too long in the sun," said Caroline Cerny of Cancer Research UK. The organization is starting a SunSmart U (60) /U to warn Britons of the dangers of being too bronzed. "The intensity of ultraviolet rays in some sun beds can be more than 10 U (61) /U stronger than the midday sun," Cerny said. In the United States, several states require parental approval U (62) /U minors can use tanning salons. Wisconsin bans people 16 and U (63) /U from using tanning beds, and others ban children under 14. At least 29 states have regulations governing minors use of tanning salons. In the U. K. , Scottish politicians passed legislation banning those under 18 from using tanning beds, though it hasnt yet been implemented. There are no plans for U (64) /U in the rest of the U. K. The World Health Organization has previously recommended that tanning beds be regulated because of their potential to damage DNA in the skin. Experts said most deadly skin cancers could be U (65) /U if people took the proper precautions when in the sun and avoided tanning beds. AovertakenBoverseenCoverlookedDoverwhelmed 3.下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。B第一篇/BDo Patients Trust Doctors Too Much Earlier this year, the American College of Surgeons, the national scientific and educational organization of surgeons, conducted a nationwide survey that found that the average patient devotes an hour or less to researching his or her surgery or surgeon. While prospective patients worry about the costs or complications of an operation, they dont necessarily look for information that would address their concerns. In fact, more than a third of patients who had an operation in the last five years never reviewed the credentials of the surgeon who operated. Patients are more likely to spend time researching a job change (on average, about 10 hours) or a new car (8 hours) than the operation they are about to submit to or the surgeon who wields (支配) the knife. And many patients are satisfied with the answers they receive from their surgeons or primary care doctors, whoever those individuals happen to be. I felt curious about the survey, so I called Dr. Thomas Russell, executive director of the American College of Surgeons. "There is a tendency for patients not to get particularly involved and not to feel compelled to look into their surgery or surgeons," he told me. There are consequences to that kind of blind trust. "Today, medicine and surgery are really team sports," Dr. Russell continued, "and the patient, as the ultimate decision maker, is the most important member of the team. Mistakes can happen, and patients have to be educated and must understand what is going on. " In other words, a healthy doctor-patient relationship does not simply entail good bedside manners and responsible office management on the part of the doctor. It also requires that patients come to the relationship educated about their doctors, their illnesses and their treatment. "If we are truly going to reform the health care system in the U. S. ," Dr. Russell said, "everybody has to participate actively and must educate themselves. That means doctors, nurses, other health care professionals, lawyers, pharmaceutical (制的) companies, and insurance companies. But most of all, it means the patient. " Trust is important. But as Sir Francis Bacon, who was among the first to understand the importance of gathering data in science, once observed, knowledge is power. Medicine and surgery are now really team sports in which Apatients and doctors play equally important roles.Bthe patient does not have an active role to play.Cdoctors have the final say in almost everything.Dthe patient has the most important rote to play. 4.下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。Retirement Brings Most a Big Health Boost The self-reported health of the newly retired improves so much that most feel eight years younger, a new European study suggests. This happy news was true of almost everyone except a small minority - only 2 percent - who had experienced "ideal" conditions in their working life, anyway. "The results really say three things: that work puts an extra burden on the health of older workers, that the effects of this extra burden are largely relieved by retirement and, finally, that both the extra burden and the relief are larger when working conditions are poor," said Hugo Westerlund, lead author of a study published online Nov. 9 in The Lancet (柳叶刀). "This indicates that there is a need to provide opportunities for older workers to decrease the demands in their work out of concern for their health and well-being. " But of course, added Westerlund, who is head of epidemiology at the Stress Research Institute at Stockholm University in Sweden, "not all older workers suffer from poor perceived health. Many are indeed remarkably healthy and fit for work. But sooner or later, everyone has to slow down because of old age catching up. " Last week, the same group of researchers reported that workers slept better after retirement than before. "Sleep improves at retirement, which suggests that sleeping could be a mediator between work and perception of poor health," Westerlund said. This study looked at what the same 15,000 French workers, most of them men, had to say about their own health up to seven years pre-retirement and up to seven years post-retirement. As participants got closer to retirement age, their perception of their own health declined, but went up again during the first year of retirement. Those who reported being in poorer health declined from 19.2 percent in the year prior to retirement to 14.3 percent by the end of the first year after retiring. According to the researchers, that means postretirement levels of poor health fell to levels last seen eight years previously. The changes were seen in both men and women, across different occupations, and lasted through the first seven years of not punching the clock. Workers who felt worse before retirement and had lower working conditions reported greater improvements as soon as they retired, the team found. The study analyzed the participants perception of their own health in a certain period. AA. RightBB. WrongCC. Not mentioned 5.B第三篇/BThe Iceman On a September day in 1991, two Germans were climbing the mountains between Austria and Italy. High up on a mountain pass, they found the body of a man lying on the ice. At that height (10,499 feet, or 3,200 meters), the ice is usually permanent, but 1991 had been an especially warm year. The mountain ice had melted more than usual and so the body had come to the surface. It was lying face downward. The skeleton (骨架) was in perfect condition, except for a wound in the head. There was still skin on the bones and the remains of some clothes. The hands were still holding the wooden handle of an ax and on the feet there were very simple leather and cloth boots. Nearby was a pair of gloves made of tree bark (树皮) and a holder for arrows. Who was this man How and when had he died Everybody had a different answer to these questions. Some people thought that it was from this century, perhaps the body of a soldier who died in World War I, since several soldiers had already been found in the area. A Swiss woman believed it might be her father, who had died in those mountains twenty years before and whose body had never been found. The scientists who rushed to look at the body thought it was probably much older, maybe even a thousand years old. With modern dating techniques, the scientists soon learned that the Iceman was about 5,300 years old. Born in about 3300 B. C. , he lived during the Bronze Age in Europe. At first scientists thought he was probably a hunter who had died from an accident in the high mountains. More recent evidence, however, tells a different story. A new kind of X-ray shows an arrowhead still stuck in his shoulder. It left only a tiny hole in his skin, but it caused internal damage and bleeding. He almost certainly died from this wound, and not from the wound on the back of his head. This means that he was probably in some kind of a battle. It may have been part of a larger war, or he may have been fighting bandits. He may even have been a bandit himself. By studying his clothes and tools, scientists have already learned a great deal from the Iceman about the times he lived in. We may never know the full story of how he died, but he has given us important clues to the history of those distant times. All the following are assumptions once made about the Iceman EXCEPT Ahe was a soldier in World War I.Bhe was a Swiss womans long-lost father.Che was born about a thousand years ago.Dhe came from Italy. 6.下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。Skin Cancer Melanoma (黑素瘤), the deadliest kind of skin cancer, is now the most common cancer inU (51) /U British women, the countrys leading cancer organization said Wednesday. Skin cancer has U (52) /U cervical (子宫颈的) cancer as the top cancer striking women in their 20s, according to the latest data from Cancer Research United Kingdom. The trend is particularly U (53) /U since younger people are not generally those most susceptible (易患的) to melanoma. Rates of skin cancer are U (54) /U highest in people over age 75. But experts worry that increasing numbers of younger people being diagnosed with skin cancer could be the U (55) /U of a dangerous trend. Women in their 20s make U (56) /U a small percentage of all patients diagnosed with melanoma in Britain, but nearly a third of all cases occur in people younger than 50. Based on current numbers, Cancer Research UK predicts that melanoma will become the fourth U (57) /U common cancer for men and women of all ages by 2024, and that cases will jump from about 9,000 cases a year to more than 15,500. Cancer experts U (58) /U the rising number of skin cancer cases largely to the surge in people using tanning salons. "Spending time on sun beds is just as U (59) /U as staying out too long in the sun," said Caroline Cerny of Cancer Research UK. The organization is starting a SunSmart U (60)