语法精讲PPT.ppt

一、名词的数1单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成，其主要变法如下：（1）一般情况在词尾加-s，例如：bookbooks，girlgirls，boyboys，penpens,doctordoctors, boyboys。（2）以s，x，ch，sh，结尾的词加-es，例如：busbuses，classclasses，boxboxes，watchwatches，brushbrushes。（3）以ce, se, ze,（d）ge结尾的名词加s，例如：orangeoranges。（4）以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如：citycities, factoryfactories, countrycountries, familyfamilies。 以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如：boyboys, daydays。（5）以辅音字母+o结尾的词,加-es。例如:heroheroes，potatopotatoes，tomatotomatoes 以元音字母+o结尾的词，只加-s。例如：zoozoos，radioradios还有某些外来词也只加-s，例如：photophotos，pianopianos。（6）以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f为v再加-es，例如：knifeknives，leafleaves, halfhalves。(7）少数名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：manmen，womanwomen，childchildren，mousemice。字母组合oo变ee, toothteeth，footfeet，goosegeese, (仅限于这几个词)(8）含主体名词的复合名词，将主体名词改为复数。例如：passer-bypassers-by, son-in-lawsons-in-law.(9)含boy,girl的复合名词，将后面的名词变复数。boy studentboy students含man和woman的复合名词，两部分均改为复数。如：men workers，women teachers。由man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如：an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为 Germans；（10）单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people, police等。（11）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。例如：ten-minutes walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。（12）还有些名词仅有复数形式，如：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses，goods，ashes，scissors，compasses。（13）只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：科学名词：physics, mathematics/maths游戏名称：bowls专有名词：the United States, Niagara Falls其他名词：news, falls(14)以Y结尾的专有名词：词尾直接加S。 如：HenryHenrys Mary Marys(15)固定词组中的复数。 如：thanks to; takes pains; give regards to; make preparations; in high spirits.(16)无主体名词的复合名词，词尾直接加-S。如：grown-up grown-ups; go-between go-betweens(17)单复数一样，例如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。2不可数名词“量”的表示方法在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下两种方法：（1）用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，例如：The rich man has a lot of moneyThere is some milk in the bottleIs there any water in the glass？I dont like winter because theres too much snow and ice（2）用a piece of 这类定语，例如：a piece of paper, a piece of wood, a piece of bread a bottle of orange, a glass of water（milk）, a cup of tea, a bag of rice, three bags of rice如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如：two cups of teafour pieces of paperthree glasses of water不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much, a great deal,a sum of, an amount of, plenty of, a quantity of, all等来修饰。 题库精选1. These _ have saved many childrens lives. A. woman doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctor2. This is _ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much. A. Anne and Jane B. Annes and Janes C. Annes and Jane D. Anne and Janes3. -Are there any _ on the farm? -Yes, there are some. A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep4. -What would you like to drink, _ or orange? -Orange, please. A. hamburger B. chip C. tea D. meat实战演练 1- Where have you been, Tim? - Ive been to _.A. the Henry house B. the Henry familyC. The Henrys home D. Henrys2In England, if _ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper. A. food B. lunch C. breakfast D. dinner3You looked for it twice, but you havent found it. Why not try _ . A. three times B. a third time C. the third time D. once4- They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ? - Certainly. A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters5Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident yesterday. A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear6There is some _ on the plate. A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears7In England, the last name is the _ . A. family name B. middle C. given name D. full name8The are going to fly _ to Beijing. A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans 9The_ has two _ . A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch10The little baby has two _ already. A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths11Whats your _ for being late again? A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news12- Its dangerous here. Wed better go out quickly. - But I think we should let _ go out first.A. woman and children B. women and childC. woman and child D. women and children 13- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_ ”on the door of his shop. - Thanks. A.ENTRANCE B.BUSINESS HOURS C.THIS SIDE UP D.NO SMOKING14Are they going to have a picnic on _ ? A. Childrens Day B. Childrenss Day C. Childrens Day D. Children Day15Where are the students? Are they in _ ? A. the Room 406 B. Room 406 C. the 406 Room D. 406 Room 16. -They are thirsty. Will you please give them_?-Certainly。A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters 17.Please remember to give the horse some tree_。 A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave18.He gave us _ on how to keep fit。 A. some advices B. some advice C.an advice D. a advice19.Please pass me_。 A. two glass of water B. two glasses of waters C. two glasses of water D. two glass water 20.There are a lot of_ down there but hardly any _ A. sheeps, people B. sheep, people C. sheeps, peoples D. sheep, peoples21.This table is made of_。 A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass 22. _can get a better view of the game than the participants. A. Looker-on B. Lookers-on C. Looker-ons D. Lookers-ons23.Some_ are flying kites near the river。A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs 24.Mr.Smith always has_ to tell us.A. some good pieces of news B. some pieces of good news C. some good piece of news D. some piece of good news 25.Twelve_were hurt, but no _ were lost in that accident。 A. person; life B. people; lives C. peoples; lives D. persons; life26.The police investigated those_ about the accident。 A. stander-by C. standers-byB. stander-bys D. standers-bys27.Generally there are_ television programs for children on Saturday。 A. little B. much C. a large number of D. a large amount of 二、名词的所有格名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系1.表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 s,例如：a students room, fathers shoes其复数形式是s，students rooms, 2.如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加 s，如：Childrens Day3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 s，例如： a boats length,a twenty minutes walk，ten miles journey，two pounds weight, ten dollars worth.也可以用a tenmile journey，a two-hour delayWe have ten minutes breaka tenminute break 4. 一些特定的名词用其所有格形式时，可省去后面的名词 athe bakers 面包师 athe butchers 屠夫 athe chemists 药剂师 athe house agents 房产经纪公司 athe travel agents 旅行社 而 the dentists 牙科诊所 the doctors 医生诊所 the vets 兽医诊所 例如： You can buy it at the chemists 这个你可以在药房里买到。 Hes going to the dentists 他去牙科诊所了。 5.有时人名也可以这样用，以表示某某人的家： 如：We had lunch at Bills我们在比尔家吃了午饭。 We met at Anns我们是在安家里遇见的。【注意】 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有 s，则表示“分别有”，例如：Johns and Marys rooms（约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间）；Toms and Marys bikes（两人各自的自行车）。 两个名词并列，只有一个s，则表示“共有”，例如：John and Marys room（约翰和玛丽共有一间）；Tom and Marys mother（即Tom与Mary是兄妹）。 6. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，例如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。7. 双重所有格。构成：a, an, this, that, these, those, any, some, each, every, many, more, most, either, neither, no, much, another, several, enough, such, one, two +名词+of +所有格或者名词性物主代词。如： 例如：a friend of my fathers. a friend of mine. Which novel of Dickens are you reading? Its no business of yours. each brother of his 题库精选1-Hows Joys skirt? -Her skirt is more beautiful than _. A. her sisters and Kate B. her sister and Kate C. her sister and Kates D. her sisters and Kates 2In _ time, those mountains will be covered with trees, too. A. few years B. a few years C. a few year D. a few years 3We will have a _holiday after the exam. A. two month B. twomonth C. two months D. twomonths4Did you hear the _report? A. policemen B. policemens C. policemens D. policemens5Its about _walk from my home. A. ten minute B. ten minutes C. ten minutes D. ten minutes 6This is my dress. That one is _.A. Mary B. Marys C. sister D. mother 7Every morning Mr. Smith takes a _ to his office.A. 20 minutes walk B. 20 minutes walk C. 20-minutes walk D. 20-minute walk 8Where is _ sweater ? I cant see it. A. Lucy B. Lucys C. Lucys 9_ mothers made them have piano lessons.A. Peter and Anne B. Peters and Annes C. Peters and Anne D. Peter and Annes10The room on the right is _.A. her B. she C. Lucys D. Lucy 11Well have a _ holiday. What about going to the West Lake?A. two days B. two-day C. two-days D. two-days 12The market isnt far from here. Its only _ bicycle ride.A. half an hours B. half an hours C. half an hour D. an hour and a half13Wheres your father ? At _.A. Mr Greens B. Mr. Green C. the Mr. Greens15The twin brothers always put small presents in _stockings on Christmas Day.A. each others B. each other C. each others D. each others 16My father will have a _ holiday next month. Hell take me to Qingdao. A. ten days B. ten days C. ten-days D. ten days 17When we saw the film Hero, I sat between Ted and Ben. That is to say my seat was between _. A. Ted and Ben B. Teds and Ben C. Ted and Bens D. Teds and Bens 18It is said that SARS has killed more than _ people worldwide. A. three hundreds B. three hundreds C. three hundreds D. three hundred 19Ill give you _to finish the work. OK. A. two weeks time B. two weeks time C. two week time D. two weeks time 20_ desk is the cleanest in the classroom. A. Anns and Tom B. Ann and Toms C. Ann and Tom D. Anns and Toms21My pen is black. _ is blue.A. Kates B. Kate C. Kates22Is this your room? No, its _room. A. the children B. the childrens C. of the children D. the childrens23Who is the man in the blue car? He is _ father. A. Kates and Marys B. Kate and Marys C. Kate and Mary D. of Kate and Mary二、形容词和副词1. 形容词的用法(1) 形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语补足语。 例如：Our country is a beautiful country.（作定语)The fish went bad. （作表语）We keep our classroom clean and tidy. （作宾语补足语）(2) 形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时,形容词放在名词后面。 I have something important to tell you. Is there anything interesting in the film.(3) 用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。 如： Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting. You can take any box away, big or small.(4) the形容词表示一类人或物 The rich should help the poor.2. 副词的用法 (1) 副词在句中可作状语,表语和定语。He studies very hard. （作状语）Women there were living a terrible life （作定语）When will you be back? （作表语）副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类：1)时间副词 时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。 He often comes to school late.What are we going to do tomorrow?He is never been to Beijing.2)地点副词地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。 如： I met an old friend of mine on my way home.He went upstairs.Put down your name here.3)方式副词方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的？”这类问题的，其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的。如：The old man walked home slowly.Please listen to the teacher carefully.The birds are flying high.He runs very fast. 4)程度副词程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词，有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。 如： Her pronunciation is very good.She sings quite well.I can hardly agree with you.5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有：how, when, where, why等。例如：How are you getting along with your studies?Where were you yesterday?Why did you do that?(2)副词在句中的位置1)多数副词作状语时放在动词之后。如果动词带有宾语，则放在宾语之后。例如：Mr Smith works very hard.She speaks English well. 2)频度副词作状语时，通常放在行为动词之前，情态动词，助动词和be动词之后。 He usually gets up early.Ive never heard him singing.She is seldom ill.3)程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面, 但enough作副词用时，通常放在被修饰词的后面。例如： It is a rather difficult job.He runs very fast.He didnt work hard enough.4)副词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：On my way home, I met my uncle.The students there have a lot time to do their own research work. (3)部分常用副词的用法 1) very, much这两个副词都可表示“很”，但用法不同。Very用来修饰形容词和副词的原级，而much用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。例如：She is a very nice girlIm feeling much better now.Much可以修饰动词，而very则不能。例如：I dont like the idea much.They did not talk much. 2) too, either这两个副词都表示“也”，但too用于肯定句，either用于否定句。例如：She can dance, and I can dance, too.I havent read the book and my brother hasnt either. 3) already, yetalready一般用于语肯定句，yet一般用于否定句和疑问句。例如：He has already left.Have you heard from him yet?He hasnt answered yet.4) so, neitherso和neither都可用于倒装句， 但so表示肯定，neither表示否定。例如：My brother likes football and so do I.My brother doesnt like dancing and neither do I.3. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级构成规则：1） 单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加er和est构成。 great greater（比较级）greatest（最高级）2）以不发音的字母e 结尾的形容词，直接加r或st构成比较级和最高级。 e.g. nice nicer nicest late later latest3）以辅音字母+y 结尾的形容词，变y为i，再加er 或est, 构成比较级和最高级。 e.g. busy busier busiest heavy heavier heaviest 4）在重读闭音节中，末尾只有一个辅音字母的形容词，要先双写这个辅音字母，再加er或est， 构成比较级和最高级。 e.g. hot hotter hottest big bigger biggest 5）部分双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需要在形容词前面加more 和most来构成。beautiful（原级）more beautiful（比较级）most beautiful（最高级）6） 少数以y，ly, er，ow，ble结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加er和est构成。clever cleverer cleverest narrow narrower narrowestnoble nobler noblestable abler ablestpretty prettier prettiest early earlier earliest 7) 常用的不规则变化的形容词的比较级和最高词：原级 比较级 最高级good better bestmany more mostmuch more mostbad worse worstlittle less leaseill worse worst 8) father 与 further 都是far的比较级，farther一般指距离上的远，但further多指抽象的，如further study学习上的进一步深造。9）older与elder 都是old的比较级，older表示普通含义的更老一些，更旧一些，而elder表示有血缘关系的年龄上的更长一些。 比较级与最高级的用法：(1) 两个人或事物的比较时（不一定每一方只有一个人或一个事物），用比较级。如：Our teacher is taller than we are.The boys in her class are taller than the boys in your class.(2) most 同形容词连用而不用 the,表示 极,很,非常, 十分。 Its most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。(3) The+形容词比较级., the+形容词比较级.表示 越. 就越.。 The more you study, the more you know.(4) 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 , 表示 越来越. 。 Its getting hotter and hotter.(5) 主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。 This box is as big as mine.(6) the + 形容词 表示某种人。 He always helps the poor.(7) 形容词和副词最高级用于三个或三个以上的人和物进行比较。Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China. 题库精选：1There are many young trees on_sides of the road. A. every B. each C. both D. all2- Its so cold today. - Yes, its_ than it was yesterday. A. more cold B. more colder C. much colder D. cold3Little Tom has_friends, so he often plays alone. A. more B. a little C. many D. few4She isnt so_ at maths as you are. A. well B. good C. better D. best 5Peter writes_ of the three. A. better B. best C. good D. well6He is _ enough to carry the heavy box. A. stronger B. much stronger C. strong D. the strongest7I bought _ exercise-books with _ money. A. a few; a few B. a few; a little C. a little; a few D. a little; a little8The box is _ heavy for the girl _ carry. A. too; to B. to; too C. so; that D. no; to9The ice in the lake is about one meter _. Its strong enough to skate on. A. long B. high C. thick D. wide 10Wu Lin ran_faster than the other boys in the sports meeting. A. so B. much C. very D. too11. Jone looks so _ today because she has got an “A” in her maths A. happy B. happily C. angry D. angrily12. The smile on my fathers face showed that he was _ with me. A. sad B. pleased C. angry D. sorry13. -Mum, could you buy me a dress like this? -Certainly, we can buy _ one than this, but _ this. A. a better; better than B. a worse; as good as C. a cheaper; as good as D. a more important; good as 14. -This digital camera is really cheap! -The _ the better. Im short of money, you see. A. cheap B. cheaper C. expensive D. more expensive15. If you want to learn English well, you must use it as _as possible. A. often B. long C. hard D. soon16. Paul has _ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely. A. many B. some C. few D. more17. English people _ use Mr. Before a mans first name. A. never B. usually C. often D. sometimes18. -One more satellite was sent up into space in China in May. -Right. The government spoke _ that. A. highly for B. high of C. well of D. highly of 19. -Remember this, chi