2022山西职称英语考试真题卷.docx

2022山西职称英语考试真题卷本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Interferon For several years, scientists have been testing a substance called interferon (干扰素),a potential wonder drug that is proving to be effective in treating a variety of ailments, including virus infections, bacteria infections, and tumors. To date, the new drug has provoked no negative reaction of sufficient significance to discourage its use. But in spite of its success, last year only one gram was produced in the entire world. The reason for the scarcity lies in the structure of interferon. A species specific protein, the interferon produced from one animal species cannot be used in treating another animal species. In other words, to treat human beings, only interferon produced by human beings may be used. The drug is produced by infecting white blood cells with a virus. Fortunately, it is so potent that the amount given each patient per injection is very small. Unlike antibiotics(抗菌素), interferon does not attack germs directly. Instead, it makes unaffected cells resistant to infection, and prevents the multiplication of viruses within cells. As you might conclude, one of the most dramatic uses of interferon has been in the treatment of cancer. Dr. Hans Strander, research physician at Swedens famous Karolinska Institute, has treated more than one hundred cancer patients with the new drug. Among a group of selected patients who had undergone surgical procedures for advanced cancer, half were given conventional treatments and the other half were given interferon. The survival rate over a three-year period was 70 percent among those who were treated with interferon as compared with only 10 to 30 percent among those who had received the conventional treatments. In the United States, a large-scale project supported by the American Cancer Society is now underway. If the experiment is successful, interferon could become one of the greatest medical discoveries of our time.Interferon is produced by infecting viruses, bacteria, and tumors with a drug.ARightBWrongCNot Mentioned 2.Euthanasia: a Heatedly Debated Topic "We mustnt delay any longer. swallowing(吞咽) is difficult.and breathing, thats also difficult. Those muscles are weakening too.we mustnt delay any longer." These were the words of Dutchman(荷兰人) Cees van wendel de Joode asking his doctor to help him die. Affected with a serious disease, van Vendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating. Van Venders last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject. The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia (安乐死) , although it is not technically legal there. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament(议会) two years ago are usually not prosecuted. The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering, that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia. In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm(证实) that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department. Should doctors be allowed to take the live of others Dr. Wilfred Van Oijen, Cees van Vendels doctor, explains how he looks at the question: "Well, its not as if I in planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun. In that case, killing is the worst thing I can imagine. But thats entirely different from my work as a doctor. I care for people and I try to ensure that they dont suffer too much. Thats very different thing. " Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia. Dr. Andrew Ferguson, Chairman of the organization Healthcare opposed to Euthanasia, says that "in the vast majority of euthanasia cases , what the patient is actually asking for is something else. They may want a health professional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or familytheres nearly always another question behind the question." Britain also has a strong tradition of hospicesspecial hospitals which care only for the dying and their special needs. Cicely Saunders, President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesnt take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying. She is also concerned that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care and consideration of a wide range of people; "Its very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled (伤残的) and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt(脱离) out. I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable (脆弱的)." Many find this prohibition of an individuals right to the paternalistic (家长式的). Although they agree that life is important and should be respected, they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored. Dr. Van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right to choose for themselves if they want to die: "What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people havent the right. And that when people are very ill, we are all afraid of their death. But there are situations where death is a friend. And in those cases, why not " But "why not " is a question which might cause strong emotion. The film showing Cees Van Vendels death was both moving and sensitive. His doctor was clearly a family friend; his wife had only her husbands interests at heart. Some, however, would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia. Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention.Dr. Wilfred Van Oijen may agree that_.Adoctors have the right to take the lives of othersBpatients dont have the freedom to decide to end their livesClife is important, but the quality of life is even more important and should be improvedDkilling is a necessary part of a doctors work 3.Architecture Architecture is to building as literature is to the printed word. The best buildings ate often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of cultures. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architecture is a social art. The renaissance brought about an entirely new age, not only in philosophy and literature but in the visual arts as well. In architecture, the principles and styles of ancient Greece and Rome were brought back to life and reinterpreted. They remain dominant until the 20th century. Many kinds of stone are used as building materials. Stone and marble were chosen for important monuments because they are not burnable and Can be expected to endure. Stone architecture was often blended with stone sculpture. The use of stone has declined, however, because a number of other materials ate more adaptable to industrial use. The complexity of modem lire calls for a variety of buildings. More people live in mass housing and go to work in large office buildings; they spend their income in large shopping centers, send their children to many different kinds of schools, and when they ate sick they go to specialized hospitals and clinics. All these different types of buildings accumulated experiences needed by their designers. By the middle of the 20th century, modem architecture, which was influenced by new technology and mass production, was dealing with increasingly complex social needs. Important characteristics of modem architectural works are expanses of glass and the use of reinforced concrete. Advances in elevator technology, air conditioning, and electric lighting have all had important effects.A. Building MaterialsB. Need of Greater Building Varieties in Modern LifeC. Restoration of Ancient CivilizationsD. Evolution in StyleE. Factors Affecting Modem Architectur 6F. A Social ArtParagraph 5 4.Euthanasia: a Heatedly Debated Topic "We mustnt delay any longer. swallowing(吞咽) is difficult.and breathing, thats also difficult. Those muscles are weakening too.we mustnt delay any longer." These were the words of Dutchman(荷兰人) Cees van wendel de Joode asking his doctor to help him die. Affected with a serious disease, van Vendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating. Van Venders last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject. The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia (安乐死) , although it is not technically legal there. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament(议会) two years ago are usually not prosecuted. The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering, that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia. In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm(证实) that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department. Should doctors be allowed to take the live of others Dr. Wilfred Van Oijen, Cees van Vendels doctor, explains how he looks at the question: "Well, its not as if I in planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun. In that case, killing is the worst thing I can imagine. But thats entirely different from my work as a doctor. I care for people and I try to ensure that they dont suffer too much. Thats very different thing. " Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia. Dr. Andrew Ferguson, Chairman of the organization Healthcare opposed to Euthanasia, says that "in the vast majority of euthanasia cases , what the patient is actually asking for is something else. They may want a health professional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or familytheres nearly always another question behind the question." Britain also has a strong tradition of hospicesspecial hospitals which care only for the dying and their special needs. Cicely Saunders, President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesnt take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying. She is also concerned that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care and consideration of a wide range of people; "Its very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled (伤残的) and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt(脱离) out. I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable (脆弱的)." Many find this prohibition of an individuals right to the paternalistic (家长式的). Although they agree that life is important and should be respected, they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored. Dr. Van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right to choose for themselves if they want to die: "What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people havent the right. And that when people are very ill, we are all afraid of their death. But there are situations where death is a friend. And in those cases, why not " But "why not " is a question which might cause strong emotion. The film showing Cees Van Vendels death was both moving and sensitive. His doctor was clearly a family friend; his wife had only her husbands interests at heart. Some, however, would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia. Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention.The arguments against the practice of euthanasia include all the following except_.Awhen a patient asks for death, he/she may ask for something elseBits paternalistic to deny an individual the right to dieCallowing euthanasia may cut back the care and consideration for the elderly and disabledDto practice euthanasia is to shorten a patients life on purpose 5.Interferon For several years, scientists have been testing a substance called interferon (干扰素),a potential wonder drug that is proving to be effective in treating a variety of ailments, including virus infections, bacteria infections, and tumors. To date, the new drug has provoked no negative reaction of sufficient significance to discourage its use. But in spite of its success, last year only one gram was produced in the entire world. The reason for the scarcity lies in the structure of interferon. A species specific protein, the interferon produced from one animal species cannot be used in treating another animal species. In other words, to treat human beings, only interferon produced by human beings may be used. The drug is produced by infecting white blood cells with a virus. Fortunately, it is so potent that the amount given each patient per injection is very small. Unlike antibiotics(抗菌素), interferon does not attack germs directly. Instead, it makes unaffected cells resistant to infection, and prevents the multiplication of viruses within cells. As you might conclude, one of the most dramatic uses of interferon has been in the treatment of cancer. Dr. Hans Strander, research physician at Swedens famous Karolinska Institute, has treated more than one hundred cancer patients with the new drug. Among a group of selected patients who had undergone surgical procedures for advanced cancer, half were given conventional treatments and the other half were given interferon. The survival rate over a three-year period was 70 percent among those who were treated with interferon as compared with only 10 to 30 percent among those who had received the conventional treatments. In the United States, a large-scale project supported by the American Cancer Society is now underway. If the experiment is successful, interferon could become one of the greatest medical discoveries of our time.Interferon has not been widely used because it is still very dangerous.ARightBWrongCNot Mentioned 6.The Development of Both HIV And Its Cure As the number of people infected (传染) with the AIDScausing HIV rose to m