2022宁夏GRE考试真题卷.docx

2022宁夏GRE考试真题卷本卷共分为2大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共25题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.BSet 4/B BLichens/B To be certain, a lichen is not the most conspicuous of plants. Lichens grow in unassuming fashion on rocks, logs and other exposed surfaces in a wide range of habitats around the world. To the untrained eye they look like little more than crusty patches that, at first glance, might easily be mistaken for a discoloration of the surface. Even if the average person should happen to notice the lichens presence and correctly identify it as some form of life, he is unlikely to go much further in contemplating it. Though almost totally ignored by the layperson, for the botanist, lichens are one of the most fascinating of all plants, and one of the most intensely studied. They are the subject of so much scientific scrutiny primarily because a lichen is not just one plant. It is, in fact, a composite organism made up of fungus and algae living together in a close association that is, presumably, beneficial to both. When these two very different plants combine, the result is a unique and very long-lived composite organism that appears, at least on a macroscopic scale, to be a unitary plant. It is an organism that bears no resemblance to either of its constituents when they are observed individually. The separate fungal and alga) elements can be recognized only when the body of the plant, called a thallus because there are no stems or roots, is sectioned and examined under a microscope. When viewed this way, the fungus component dominates the picture, as it accounts for nine tenths of the total body mass of the lichen. But, entrapped within it, clearly visible as dark spots, are the algae cells. Essentially, nothing is known of how an amorphous mass of fungi and algae come together to form a highly differentiated, structurally stable body. Despite all the scientific scrutiny lichens have received, it is still not entirely certain what each member gains from the association. Some researchers have speculated that the fungi join in the relationship because they are able to consume the algae cells as they die and therefore are guaranteed a food supply. It is well-known that the chlorophyll-containing algae cells produce food by means of photosynthesis. There may be some mechanism, still unknown to us, through which this energy source is utilized by the fungus. Fungus possesses no chlorophyll of its own. How or even whether the algae benefit from this association is still less certain, though we can easily imagine that they gain mechanical protection from the elements by being tightly enveloped in the structural fibers of the fungus body. They should also benefit from retention of water between the fibers. The hardiness of lichens has made them what botanists term "pioneer plants". This refers to their ability to colonize habitats where other plants do not exist. They are common on barren rocky surfaces, where the lack of soil precludes the establishment of most other kinds of plant life. They can even be found in places as hostile and extreme as the interior of the Antarctic continent. Although they are most often associated with far northern or southern environments, they have been found living in sun baked desert soils that are otherwise devoid of life. The most highly specialized lichens are the endolithic species of the Antarctic, which as the name indicates, live inside rocks, forming more or less continuous tissue structures between the rock crystals. As remarkable in their robustness as lichens are, there is one kind of an environment which they are generally unable to tolerate. Habitats that are heavily affected by pollution axe noticeably devoid of lichens. These organisms are especially susceptible to sulfur dioxide poisoning and they absorb and accumulate other toxins as well; both air and waterborne. This heightened sensitivity arises from the fact that lichens have no means of ridding their tissues of these substances. It is thought that the pollutants accumulate and destroy the chlorophyll in the algae cells, thus disrupting the relationship with the fungus. This particular characteristic makes lichens an especially good indicator of environmental health. Surveys currently indicate that lichens are completely absent from urban centers with populations of 100,000 or more.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.BSuch a relationship does not develop in biology unless it benefits at least one of the members./BWhere would the sentence best fit ASquare .BSquare .CSquare .DSquare . 2.BSet 3/B BOrganic Architecture/B One of the most striking personalities in the development of early-twentieth century architecture was Frank Lloyd Wright (1867- 1959). Wright attended the University of Wisconsin in Madison before moving to Chicago, where he eventually joined the firm headed by Louis Sullivan. Wright set out to create "architecture of democracy". Early influences were the volumetric shapes in a set of educational blocks the German educator Friedrich Froebel designed, the organic unity of a Japanese building Wright saw at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, and a Jeffersonian belief in individualism and populism. Always a believer in architecture as "natural" and "organic", Wright saw it as serving free individuals who have the right to move within a free space, envisioned as a nonsymmetrical design interacting spatially with its natural surroundings. He sought to develop an organic unity of planning, structure, materials, and site. Wright identified the principle of continuity as fundamental to understanding his view of organic unity: "Classic architecture was all fixations. Now why not let walls, ceilings, floors become seen as component parts of each other This ideal, profound in its architectural implications I called continuity." Wright manifested his vigorous originality early, and by 1900 he had arrived at a style and entirely started his own. In his work during the first decade of the twentieth century, his cross-axial plan and his fabric of continuous roof planes and screens defined a new domestic architecture. Wright fully expressed these elements and concepts in Robie House, built between 1907 and 1909. Like other buildings in the Chicago area he designed at about the same time, this was called a prairie house. Wright conceived the long, sweeping ground-hugging lines, unconfined by abrupt wall limits, as reaching out toward and capturing the expansiveness of the place great flatlands. Starting abandoning all symmetry, the architect eliminated a facade, extended the roofs far beyond the walls, and all but concealed the entrance. Wright filled the "wandering" plan of the Robie House with intricately joined spaces (some large and open, others closed), grouped freely around a great central fireplace. (He believed strongly in the hearths age-old domestic significance.) Wright designed enclosed patios, overhanging roofs, and strip windows to provide unexpected light sources and glimpses of the outdoors as people move through the interior space. These elements, together with the open ground plan, create a sense of space-inmotion inside and out. He set masses and voids in equilibrium; the flow of interior space determined the exterior wall placement. The exteriors sharp angular planes meet at apparently odd angles, matching the complex play of interior solids, which function not as inert containing surfaces but as elements equivalent in role to the designs spaces. The Robie House is a good example of Wrights "naturalism", his adjusting of a building to its site. However, in this particular case, the confines of the city lot constrained the building-to-site relationship more than did the sites of some of Wrights more expansive suburban and country homes. The Kaufmann House, nicknameed "Falling water" and designed as a weekend retreat at Bear Run near Pittsburgh is a start prime example of the latter. Perched on a rocky hillside over a small waterfall, this structure extends the Robie Houses blocky masses in all four directions. The contrast in textures between concrete, painted metal, and natural stones in its walls enliven its shapes, as does Wrights use of full-length strip windows to create a stunning interweaving of interior and exterior space. The implied message of Wrights new architecture was space, not massa space designed to fit the patrons life and enclosed and divided as required. Wright took special pains to meet his clients requirements, often designing all the accessories of a house. In the late 1930s, he acted on a cherished dream to provide good architectural design for less prosperous people by adapting the ideas of his prairie house to plans for smaller, less expensive dwellings. The publication of Wrights plans brought him a measure of fame in Europe, especially in Holland and Germany. The issuance in Berlin in 1910 of a portfolio of his work and an exhibition of his designs the following year stimulated younger architects to adopt ASquare .BSquare .CSquare .DSquare . 3.BSet 5/B BThe Science of Anthropology/B Through various methods of research, anthropologists try to fit together the pieces of the human puzzle-to discover how humanity was first achieved, what made it branch out in different directions, and why separate societies behave similarly in some ways, but quite differently in other ways, Anthropology, which emerged as an independent science in the late eighteenth century, has two main divisions: Physical Anthropology and Cultural Anthropology. Physical Anthropology focuses on human evolution and variation and uses methods of physiology, genetics, and ecology. Cultural anthropology focuses on culture and includes Archaeology, social anthropology, and linguistics. Physical anthropologists are most concerned with human biology. Physical anthropologists are detectives whose mission is to solve the mystery of how humans came to be human. They ask questions about the events that led a tree-dwelling population of animals to evolve into two-legged beings with power to learn-a power that we call intelligence. Physical anthropologists study the fossils and organic remains of once-living primates. They also study the connections between humans and other primates that are still living. Monkeys, apes, and humans have more in common with one another physically than they do with other kinds of animals, In the lab anthropologists use the methods, of physiology and genetics to investigate the composition of blood chemistry for clues to the relationship of humans to various primates. Some study the animals in the wild to find out what behaviors they share with humans. Others speculate about how the behavior of nonhuman primates might have shaped human bodily needs and habits. A well-known family of physical anthropologists, the Leakeys, conducted research in East Africa indicating that human evolution centered there rather than Asia. In 1931.Louis Leakey and his wife Mary Leakey began excavating at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. where over the next forty years they discovered stone tools and hominid evidence that pushed back the dates for early humans to over 375 million years ago. Their son, Richard Leakey, discovered yet other types of hominid skulls in Kenya, which he wrote about in Origins (1979) and Origins Reconsidered (1992), Like physical anthropologists, cultural anthropologists study clues about human life in the distant past; however, cultural anthropologists also look at the similarities and differences among human communities today. Some cultural anthropologists work in the field, living and working among people in societies that differ from their own. Anthropologists doing fieldwork often produce all ethnography, a written description of the daily activities of men, women, and children that tells the story of the societys community life as a whole. Some cultural anthropologists do not work in the field but rather at research universities and Museums doing the comparative and interpretive part of the job. These anthropologists, called ethnologists, sift through the ethnographies written by field anthropologists and try to discover crossculmtural patterns in marriage, child rearing, religious beliefs and practices, warfare-any subject that constitutes the human experience. They often use their findings to argue for or against particular hypotheses about people worldwide. A cultural anthropologist who achieved worldwide fame was Margaret Mead. In 1923, Mead went to Samoa to pursue her first fieldwork assignment-a study that resulted in her widely read book Coming of Ages in Samoa (1928). Mead published ten major works during her long career, moving from studies of child rearing in the Pacific to the cultural and biological bases of gender, the nature of cultural change, the structure and functioning of complex societies, and race relations. Mead remained a pioneer in her willingness to tackle subjects of major intellectual consequence, to develop new technologies for research, and to think of new ways that anthropology could serve society. Glossary:primates: the order of mammals that includes apes and humanshominid: the family of primates of which humans are the only living speciesIt can be inferred from paragraph 5 that Margaret Meads workAmade an impact on the field of anthropology.Bcontradicted that of the Leakey family.Copened Samoa to outside influence.Dis not widely read by anthropologists today. 4.BSet 5/B BThe Science of Anthropology/B Through various methods of research, anthropologists try to fit together the pieces of the human puzzle-to discover how humanity was first achieved, what made it branch out in different directions, and why separate societies behave similarly in some ways, but quite differently in other ways, Anthropology, which emerged as an independent science in the late eighteenth century, has two main divisions: Physical Anthropology and Cultural Anthropology. Physical Anthropology focuses on human evolution and variation and uses methods of physiology, genetics, and ecology. Cultural anthropology focuses on culture and includes Archaeology, social anthropology, and linguistics. Physical anthropologists are most concerned with human biology. Physical anthropologists are detectives whose mission is to solve the mystery of how humans came to be human. They ask questions about the events that led a tree-dwelling population of animals to evolve into two-legged beings with power to learn-a power that we call intelligence. Physical anthropol