一般现在时态,现在进行时,一般过去时,一般将来时,现在完成时.pdf

一般现在时态，现在进行时，一般过去时，一般将来时，一般现在时态，现在进行时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在完成时现在完成时一般现在时态，现在进行时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在完成时话题:时态 动词 教育学习一.一般现在时用动词原形表示，但单数第三人称后要加-S，在词尾加-s 时要注意:1( 一般情况:加-s 例，reads，writes，says2( 以 s，x，ch，sh 收尾的词加-es 例:teaches，washes，guesses3( 以辅音字母，y 结尾的词变 y 为 I 再加-es 例:try-tries。Carry-carries。这个时态的疑问句一般以句首加助动词 do，does 构成。句中动词要用原形动词 be 提前:Do you know it,Are you students,Does she have a pen,1( 一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作:We always carefor each other and help each other.They cycle to work everyday.2( 现在特征或状态:He loves sports.Do you sing? A little.I major inEnglish.3(遍真理 Light travels faster than sound.Two and four makessix.The moon moves round see the earth.有些表示状态和感觉的动词常常可用于一般现在时:be love likehate want hope need prefer wish know understand remember believerecognize guess suppose mean belong think feel envydoubt remain consist contain seem look see fit suit owe own hearfind suggest propose allow show prove mind have sound taste matterrequire possess desire 等等。I feel a sharp pain in mychest.The soup contains too much salt.You see what I mean?The coatfits you very well.How do you find the book?有些表示动词的动词间或可用于这一时态，表示现刻的动作，由于动作持续时间机短，用于进行时不自然:I send you my bestwishes.I salute your courage.Now I extend my heartfelt thanks to you.在口语中这个时态用来表示一个按规定，计划或安排发生的情况(这是都有一个表示未来时间的状语):When dothe train leave (stop at ji Nan)?The plane takes off at 11am.Tomorrow is Saturday.Is there a film on tonight?但这只限少数动词，如 begin come go leave sail start arrive return dine end stopdepart open close be 等。另外，在时间或条件从句中，将来动作或状态多用这一时态表示:Tell her about that whenshe comes.Turn off the light before you leave.Well start assoon as you are ready.在口语中，这个时态间或可以用来表示一个已经发生的动作(这个动作发生的时间在说话人脑中处于很不重要的地位):They say Xiao wu is back, is thattrue?Xiao tells me youre going abroad.Oh, I forget where helives.Yes, you answer quite well.此外一般现在时还多用于报刊，电影，电视解说等其它几种情况。二.现在进行时现在进行时用助动词 be 的人称形式加现在分词构成,它的肯定,否定,疑问形式如下:I am working.I am not working.Am Iworking?现在进行时主要表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作。Where are they having the basket-ball match?They are puttingup the scaffolding.Hes showing a foreign guest roundthe city.在不少情况下，表示正在进行的动作的汉语句子，并没有“正在”这样的字，在译为英语时却必须用进行时态:Howare you getting on with the work?The work is going fairlysmoothly.You are making rapid progress.It is blowing hard.Who are youwaiting for?Whenever I see her, she is working in the garden.在一般现在时所列的表示状态和感觉的动词，一般不能用于进行时态，因为她们不能表示正在进行的动作。但如果词义转变，能表示一个正在进行的动作，就能够用于进行时态，试比较下面的句子:Do you see anyone over there?Areyou seeing someone off?I hear someone singing.They are hearing anEnglish talk?What do you think of it?What are you thinking about?另外，表示无法持续动作的动词，一般不宜用于进行时态，但有些可以用于这个时态表示重复，即将等:He is jumping up and down.The train is arriving.The old man is dying.现在进行时有时可用来表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作(这是多有一个表示未来时间的状语):We areleaving on Friday.Are you going anywhere tomorrow?A foreignguest is giving a lecture in English this afternoon.Xiao Hong!Coming.Who is interpreting for you?We are having a holiday next Monday.但这仅限于少量动词，如 go come leave startarrive lunch return dine work sleep stay play do have wear 等。另外，“be going+不定式“这个结构经常用来表示即将发生的事或打算(准备)做的事:I am afraid it is going to rain.It is going tobe rather cold tomorrow.She is not going to speak at the meeting.在这个结构中过去有许多人不赞成用 go 和 come 这两个动词，感到很别扭，主张不说 are you going to goanywhere tomorrow?而说 are you going anywhere tomorrow?不说 is she going to come? 而说 is she coming? 但现在在这种结构中用两个动词的人越来越多，这种用法基本被大家接受了。此外，在时间和条件状语从句中，间或也可用现在进行时表示将来的情况或一般情况:Do not mention this when youare talking with him.Remember that when you are taking a rest, someelse is always working.If she is still sleeping, do not wake her up.现在进行时有时用来代替一般现在时，表示一个经常性动作和状态，这是或是为了表示一种感情(a)如赞叹，厌烦等，或是为了强调情况的暂时性(b)。A( how are youfeeling today?(how do you feel today?更显亲切)Xia Hua isdoing fine work at school. (比 Xiao Hua does fine work atschool.更富赞美)He is constantly leaving his thing about.He isalways thinking of his work.He is always boasting.B. he is sleepingin the next room now.The professor is typing his own letters while hissecretary is ill.Where is he working?For this week we are starting workat 7:30.He is walking to work because his bicycle is being repaired.Be间或可用于进行时态，表示一时的表现:You are not being modest.He is beingsilly.She is being friendly.Xiao Hong is being a good girl today.Donot talk rot. I am being serious.注:在 there 和 here 引起的句子中，常可用一般现在时态代替现在进行时:Herecomes the bus. (=the bus is coming).There goes the bell. (=the bellis ringing.)在某些情况下两种情况都可以用，没有多少差别:I wonder (am wondering) how I should answer then.Does your leghurt? (Is your leg hurting?)It itches (is itching) terribly.My backaches (is aching).I write (am writing) to inform you.三(一般将来时一般将来时由助动词 shall 或 will 加动词原形构成，shall 用于第一人称，will 用于第二 ，三人称。这个时态的肯定，否定及疑问可表示如下:I shall go.I shallnot go.Shall I go?除英国以外的说英国家，在陈述句中，即使在第一人称一般也用 will ，在英国也有这种趋势，在口语中常紧缩为 Ill.一般将来时表示将要发生的动作和情况:I will(shall) arrive tomorrow.Will you be busy tonight?The agreement willcome into force next spring.We wont (shant) be freetonight.有时表示将来的时间状语，有时没有时间状语，这时要从意思上判断是否指未来的动作或情况:I will think itover.Who will take the chair?Will she come?They wont objectit.在以 I 或 we 作主语的问句中，一般用 shall , 这时或是征求对方的意见(a)，或是询问一个情况(b):A( shall I makea fair copy of it,Which book shall I read first?Where shall wemeet?B. shall we have any classed tomorrow?When shall we have therehearsal?Shall I be able to find them there?在这类问句中，近年来也有不少人用 will ，特别是美国。What will wedo?How will get there?Which will I take?注意在时间或条件状语从句中，一般不能用将来时态，而用现在时态代替:1. I willlet you have the book when Im through.2. Theyll fight tillthey win complete victory.3. Ill be round to see you if I havetime tomorrow.注意:在两种情况下条件从句可以用一般将来时:1( 表示愿望 If they wont cooperate, our plan will fall flat.2.主句的谓语表示现在的情况:If he wont arrive thismorning, why should we wait here?表示将要发生的动作或情况，除了一般将来时外，还有一些其它结构和时态:1.begoing+不定式(表打算，准备作的事或即将发生或肯定要发生的事):We are going to put up a building here.How are you going tospend your holiday?Who is going to speak first?2.be+不定式(表示按计划安排要发生的事或用来征求对方的意见):When is the factory to go into production?The line is (going) tobe opened to traffic next week.Am I to (=shall i) goon with the work?3.一般现在时(限于某些动词，表示按计划或时刻要发生的事):School finishes on January 18th.We get off at thenext stop.When does the winter vacation begin?4.现在进行时(限于某些动词，表示按计划安排要发生的事):We arehaving an English evening tonight.They are playing some folkmusic next.I am talking the children to the zoo (on Sunday).在单纯表示将来情况，特别事谈一连串的事情或在带时间或条件状语从句的句子中，谓语多用将来时 :Next term I will try to do better.Ill speak more English and do more reading-aloud.Hell come to seeyou when he has time.Helltell you if you ask him.在表示打算或准备时，如不提时间，条件等，多用 be going to 这个结构，用一般将来时时很少的，特别是在口语中;He is going to buy a dictionary. (很少说 hewill buy a dictionary.)在谈即将发生的情况时，用 be going to这个结构也多一些。在表示按计划安排要做的事时，用 be to的时候也不少. 另外还有将来进行时等时态也可表示将来的动作。注:be about to 可表示即将作某事 We are about toleave.He is about to retire.一般将来时有时还可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作:A drowning man will catch at a straw.Crops will diewithout water.Oil will float on water.注:这一时态有时用来表示揣测(a)或容量(b):A. that man in themiddle will be the visiting minister.B. the hall will seat 500people.四.一般过去时一般过去时由动词的过去式表示，动词be 有 was, were 两个过去式，was 用于第一，三人称单数，were 用于其它情况。在构成否定及疑问句时，一般都借助助动词 did，动词 be 有其独特的疑问及否定形式(基本上和一般现在时一致)。这个时态的三种结构可表示如下:一般动词:I worked there.I did not work there.Did you work there?动词 be:I was there.I was not there.Was I there?一般过去时主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况(包括习惯性动作)Who putforward the suggestion?When did she leave?She often came to help us.有些情况，发生的时间不很清楚，但实际上是过去发生的，应当用过去时态:I was glad to get your letter.What was thefinal score?How did you like their performance?在谈到已死去的人的情况多用过去时:Lao she was a great write.My grandmother waskind to us.有时两种时态都可以用:Brahmswas/is one of the greatest representatives of German classicalism. 注:在口语中一般过去时有时可用来代替一般现在时，使语气变得婉转一些，例如在下面句子中用一般现在式或一般过去式都可以，但用过去式显得客气一些(带有更多商量的口吻):Do/did you want to see me?Iwonder/wondered if you could spare a few minutes.Iwant/wanted to ask if I can/could borrow your bike.五。现在完成时现在完成时由 have 的人称形式加过去分词构成。他的肯定，否定及疑问形式如下:I have read it.I have not read it.Have youread it?现在完成时表示现刻以前发生的动作或情况，可以是:1.到现在为止的这一时期中发生的情况(可能是多次动作的总和，也可表示状态和习惯性动作):We haveopened up 200 mu of land this year.How many pages have you coveredtoday?I havent seen him for many days.2.对现状有影响的某一已发生的动作:The delegation has already left.I have seen thefilm many times.The city has taken on a new look.注:这个时态有时还可以表示过去曾发生过一次或多次的情况，也可以说是一种经历:All our children have measles.Manshairs have grown white in a single might.He says that he has seen ameteor at some time.这个时态的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系，或是讲迄今为止这一段时间的情况，或是讲一个影响现状的动作，这样它不是从时间上就是从后果上和现在联系起来，根据这个特点我们可以判断什么时候用一般过去时，什么时候用现在完成时:1.当有一个表示过去某时的状语(包括 when)时，不能用现在完成时:I saw her a minuteago.Just now Xiao lin came to see you.When did you get to know it?2.当有一个表示到现在为止这段时间的状语时，多用现在完成时:Up till now we have planted over 24000 fruittrees.We havent had any physical training classed this week.He haslearned a good deal since he came here.3.在用already ,yet,just,as yet, ever, never 这类副词作状语时，常可用现在完成时:This is the second game; theyve already won agame.Have you got the plan ready yet?-no, not yet.Ive justreceived a money order.4.在单独谈一个过去的动作，不涉及它对现在的影响时，通常用一般过去时，如果谈一件已经发生的事，不考虑它是什么时候发生的，而主要考虑对现在的影响，多用现在完成时:Did you get up very early?Has he got up?What didyou have for lunch?I got the news from xiaoyu.Ive got no news from him.注:有 since 引起的状语时，主要谓语通常用完成时态:We met in 1972, and have been good friends eversince(then).It has rained a great deal since youleft.We havent seen each other again since them(since we parted in1952).但在表示时间长度时可用一般时。在使用一个表示的动词(如 be, seem 等)作谓语时，间或也可用现在时态:Its ok since I fixed it.It seems a long time since I washere.Im getting interested in china since you came here.间或用过去时，特别是在口语中。I lost ten pounds since I started swimming.在 since 引起的状语从句中，通常用一般过去时，译成英语时可能需要不同时态:Has xiao yang come?Didxiaoyang come?How many people have gone to thefactory?How many people went to the factory?We haventinvited him.We didnt invite him.有时同样一个动作，也随着说话的意图不同而用不同时态表示:Has he gone to town? How did he gothere? 后一句谈动作本身，与现在无联系。Have you had your lunch? Where did you have it? 你吃中饭了吗,在哪吃的,Has she left? why did she leave so early?某些动作的现在完成时刻表示一直持续到现在的状态:How haveyou been(recently)?The conference has lasted five days.Weveknown each other since we were children.特别是动词 be,是常常这样用的:Hes been back for three days.(不能用 has comeback)She has been a teacher for ten years.(不能说 hasbecome)He has been in college for a year.(不能说 has entered)由于come, become, enter 和 get up 等动词都只代表一个短暂的动作，不能代表一个延续的状态，这是需要用 be 来表示延续的状态:另外有少数动词(主要是 work, study ,teach,live 等)可用于现在完成时表示一直持续到现在的一个动作:Howlong have you worked here?She has taught English for manyyears.Weve lived here for quite a few years.但大多数动词不宜这样用，而需用现在完成进行时。注:have been(to)常可用来表示“到过某地”或“刚去做过某事”Have you ever been toxian?Xiao liu has just been here.Weve been here (there) many times.现在完成时还可用在表示时间或条件的状语从句中，表示将来某时已完成的动作:Ill go and see the exhibition as soon as Ihave got the recorder fixed.Well start at five oclockif it has stopped raining by then.I will gibe my opinion when Ihave read the book through.这利用“现在完成时“时表示这动作将在另一动作之前完成。如果两个动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生，(也就是说一个动作紧接着另一个动作)，一般就不用这个时态:Ill let you know as soon as I hear from her.Shellwrite you when she gets there.在这样的情况下(特别是当我们用的是 get,arrive,see,hear,leave.return 等代表讯即完成的动作的动词时)，多用一般现在时。有时两种时态都可以用:Well leave as soon as it stops (has stopped) raining.Ill tell him after you leave (have left).注:have got 形式上是现在完成时，却和 have 是同一个意思:She has got(,has)aslight temperature.Have you got(=do you have)any sisters?另外，现在有一种倾向，特别是在美国，在随便谈话时，常用一般过去时代替现在完成时:I saw it already (=I have seen italready).Did you return the records yet(=have you returned therecords yet)?I just come back (=Ive just come back).