高中英语必修五Module6.ppt

M6Grammar 1. 定义：定义： 又称形容词性从句，在复合句中修又称形容词性从句，在复合句中修饰名词或代词，起定语作用。饰名词或代词，起定语作用。2. 先行词：先行词： 被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。3. 关系代词关系代词关系副词：关系副词： 引导定语从句的词。引导定语从句的词。关系代词关系代词关系副词关系副词who, whom, whose, which, thatwhen, where, why在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语语在定语从句中作状在定语从句中作状语语一：一： 定语从句定语从句 (Attributive Clauses)A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.句子主干：句子主干：定语从句：定语从句：先先 行行 词：词：关系代词：关系代词：A dictionary is a book.which gives the meaning of wordsbookwhich4. 分类：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句分类：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句限定性定语从句是句中限定性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分不可缺少的组成部分，使先行词区别于同类其使先行词区别于同类其他事物；主句和从句之他事物；主句和从句之间间不用逗号不用逗号隔开。隔开。非限定性定语从句是非限定性定语从句是对主对主句先行词的补充说明句先行词的补充说明，没，没有这种从句不影响主句意有这种从句不影响主句意思完整。一般思完整。一般用逗号用逗号把主把主句和从句分开。句和从句分开。引导词：关系代词和引导词：关系代词和关系副词，作关系副词，作宾语宾语时时一些关系代词一些关系代词可以省可以省略。略。引导词：引导词：as, who, whom, whose, which, of which, when, where等，等，不用不用that或或why,不能省不能省略。略。1. who指人，作主语或宾语指人，作主语或宾语 (作宾语可省作宾语可省略）略）A person who steals things is called a thief.2. whom指人，作宾语指人，作宾语 (作宾语可省略，作宾语可省略，如介词提前则不能省如介词提前则不能省) The man (whom/who) I talked to is Mr. Li.The man to whom I talked is Mr. Li.3. whose 在定语从句中作定语，与后面的名在定语从句中作定语，与后面的名词为所属关系。词为所属关系。 whose多指人，也可指物，多指人，也可指物，指物时可与指物时可与 of which互换使用。互换使用。1. He has a friend whose father is a doctor.2. The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. 4. which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。语，做宾语时常可省略。He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 5. that 指人时，相当于指人时，相当于who 或或whom；指；指物时，相当于物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? The season that/which comes after spring is summer. 1) 限制性定语从句中先行词为限制性定语从句中先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, little, some等不定代词指物时。等不定代词指物时。(something用用that或或which均可均可) There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. that和和which在指物的情况下一般都可在指物的情况下一般都可以互换，但在下列情况下，一般用以互换，但在下列情况下，一般用that而不用而不用which。(2) There be 句型中用句型中用that。There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.(3) 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰。先行词被序数词或最高级修饰。This is the first book (that) he has read.This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.(4) 先行词是先行词是who或或which引导的主句。引导的主句。Who is the girl that drove the car? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?(5) 当先行词既有人又有物。当先行词既有人又有物。They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school. (6) 先行词被先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, the only, the very, the last, just, right等修饰。等修饰。This is the very book that belongs to him.(1) 紧跟介词作宾语紧跟介词作宾语There are many trees under which they can have a rest.(2) 在非限制性定语从句中（下节课重点在非限制性定语从句中（下节课重点介绍）介绍） Football, which is a very popular game, is played all over the world.(3) 作定语作定语 He may be late, in which case, we should wait for him.一般用一般用which而不用而不用that的情况。的情况。when 在定语从句中作时间状语，先行词在定语从句中作时间状语，先行词往往是表示时间的名词。相当于往往是表示时间的名词。相当于介词介词+which。若定语从句缺主语或宾语，需用若定语从句缺主语或宾语，需用which或或that引导定语从句。引导定语从句。Ill never forget the day when I joined the league.Ill never forget the time which/that was spent with you.on whichwhere在定语从句中作地点状语，先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，先行词往往是表示地点的名词。相当于往往是表示地点的名词。相当于“介词介词 + which”。若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用which或或that引导定语从句。引导定语从句。This is the house where I lived two years ago.The library (which/that) you visited yesterday was built in 1990.in whichwhere 引导的定语从句也可以修饰引导的定语从句也可以修饰case, condition, situation, instance等先行词。等先行词。Can you think of a situation where this word can be used?why在定语从句中作原因状语，常位于在定语从句中作原因状语，常位于reason之后，相当于之后，相当于for which。The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. the reason whyis that 的原的原因是因是The reason why he resigned was that he quarreled with his boss.1.在在the reason why 结构中，结构中，why 引导引导定语从句定语从句，它也可以换为，它也可以换为for which或或者省略者省略。在从句中作。在从句中作原因状语原因状语。2.如果关系代词指代先行词如果关系代词指代先行词reason在从在从句中句中作主语、宾语、表语作主语、宾语、表语等时，则用等时，则用that或或which。3.the reason is that结构中，只能用结构中，只能用that引导引导表语从句表语从句，不要受汉语的影响，不要受汉语的影响，误用误用because。Note 二：非限制性定语从句二：非限制性定语从句 1.概念：概念：只是对主句内容，或先行词的只是对主句内容，或先行词的补充、解释或附加说明。主句与先行词补充、解释或附加说明。主句与先行词或从句之间一般用逗号分开，常常单独或从句之间一般用逗号分开，常常单独翻译。没有它，主句意思仍然完整。引翻译。没有它，主句意思仍然完整。引导非限制性定语从句的导非限制性定语从句的关系代词关系代词有有as，which，who， whom，whose等，作定等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语。语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语。关关系副词系副词有有when，where等，作定语从句等，作定语从句的状语。关系代词和关系副词在定语从的状语。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省。句中一般不能省。 Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.（她还有其他哥哥。）（她还有其他哥哥。）（她只有一个哥哥。）（她只有一个哥哥。）2.非限制性定语从句的用法：非限制性定语从句的用法：1.） which引导的非限定性定语从句来说引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分分 ，that不能用于引导非限制性定语从不能用于引导非限制性定语从句。句。Her house, which was built a hundred years ago, stood still in the earthquake.那座房子在地震中依然耸立，它是一百那座房子在地震中依然耸立，它是一百多年前建造的。多年前建造的。2. ）有时有时as也可用作关系代词。也可用作关系代词。 3.） 在非限定性定语从句中，用在非限定性定语从句中，用who, whom代表代表人人，用，用which代表代表事物事物。4. ）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。动词要用第三人称单数。He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。3 ：as 和和which 引导非限制性定语从句的引导非限制性定语从句的区别区别1.）which引导的从句只能放在主句后；引导的从句只能放在主句后；as引导的从句可放在句首、句中或句尾。引导的从句可放在句首、句中或句尾。As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. He wasnt unconscious, as could be judged from his eyes. 2. ）which既可代指先行词，又可代指整个既可代指先行词，又可代指整个主句的内容，相当于主句的内容，相当于 “and this” 或或 “and that”，译为，译为“这一点这一点”。as只能代指整个主句的内容，常带有只能代指整个主句的内容，常带有 “正如正如”之意，且已形成固定结构。之意，且已形成固定结构。 as is known, as is reported, as is said, as is expected, as we know, etc. He didnt come to attend the meeting, as had been expected.3. ）as在从句中作主语，从句中的谓语必在从句中作主语，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；而须是系动词；而which则不一定。则不一定。The man is very learned, as is described in the book.4. ）先行词前有）先行词前有the same, such限定时，关限定时，关系词只能用系词只能用as。Dont read such books as are beyond your ability.5. ）主从之间存在逻辑上的因果关系）主从之间存在逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往用时，关系词往往用which。Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.定语从句中关系词省略的定语从句中关系词省略的6种情形关种情形关系词有时可以省略，但这只限于限制系词有时可以省略，但这只限于限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，关系词则不可省略。中，关系词则不可省略。 4 4：定语从句关系词省略的：定语从句关系词省略的6 6种情形种情形一、关系代词作宾语时的省略一、关系代词作宾语时的省略当关系代词当关系代词who, whom, which和和that在定语在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时，可以省略。如：介词宾语时，可以省略。如：Who is the man (that / who / whom) you were talking to? 刚才和你讲话的人是谁刚才和你讲话的人是谁? 二、关系代词作表语时的省略二、关系代词作表语时的省略当关系代词当关系代词that在定语从句中用作表语时，在定语从句中用作表语时，可以省略。如：可以省略。如：China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。中国已不是过去的中国了。(that作表语作表语)三、关系代词作宾补时的省略三、关系代词作宾补时的省略当关系代词当关系代词that在定语从句中用作宾语补在定语从句中用作宾语补足时，可以省略。如：足时，可以省略。如： Im not the mad man (that) you thought me. 我并不是你所认为的那个疯子。我并不是你所认为的那个疯子。(that作宾语补语作宾语补语)四、关系副词四、关系副词when的省略的省略用作时间状语的关系副词用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于day, year, time等少数几个词后时可以省略等少数几个词后时可以省略(也也可换成可换成that) 。如：。如：Ill never forget the day (that) we met. 我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天。我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天。五、关系副词五、关系副词where的省略的省略用作地点状语的关系副词用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于place,somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少数几个词后时可以省略少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换也可换成成that)。 ：This is the place (where/ that) they met yesterday. 这就是他们昨天碰头的地方。这就是他们昨天碰头的地方。六、关系副词六、关系副词why的省略的省略关系副词关系副词why通常只用于通常只用于the reason后引导后引导定语从句，且通常定语从句，且通常可换成可换成that或或for which，均可省略均可省略。 如：如：Thats the reason (why, for which, that) hecame. 这就是他来的原因。这就是他来的原因。1. Its helpful to put children in a situation _ they can see themselves differently. (2009 福建福建) A. that B. when C. which D. where 2. The house I grew up _ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. (2009 江西江西) A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which 3. Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time. (2009 陕西陕西) A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which 4. A person _ e-mail account is full wont be able to send or receive any e-mails. (2009 天津天津) A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever5. I have reached a point in my life _ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. (2009 浙江浙江) A. which B. where C. how D. why6. I refuse to accept the blame for something _ was someone elses fault. (2010 全国全国II) A. who B. that C. as D. what7. Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planets _ life has developed gradually. (2010 福建福建) A. that B. where C. which D. whose8. Ive become good friend with several of the student in my school _ I meet in the English speech contest last year. (2010 湖南湖南) A. who B. where C. when D. which 9. Thats the new machine _ parts are too small to be seen. (2010 山东山东) A. that B. which C. whose D. what10. Wind power is an ancient source of energy _ we may return in the near future. (2010 上海上海) A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which 11. A bank is the place _ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain. (2011 浙江浙江) A. when B. that C. where D. there12. The days are gone _ physical strength was all you needed to make a living. (2011 天津天津) A. when B. that C. where D. which13. She showed he visitors around the museum, the construction _ has taken more than three years. (2011 江西江西) A. for which B. with which C. of which D. to which14. The prize will go to the writer _ story shows the most imagination. (2011 全国新课标全国新课标) A. that B. which C. whose D. what15. There is much truth in the idea _ kindness is usually served by frankness. (2012 上海上海) A. why B. which C. that D. whether16. Sales director is a position _ communication ability is just as important as sales. (2012 重庆重庆) A. which B. that C. when D. where17. A lot of language learning, has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period. (2012 安徽安徽) A. as B. it C. which D. this18. After the flooding, people were suffering in that area,_ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive. (2012 江苏江苏) A. which B. who C. where D. what19. Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can be protected. (2013北京北京) A. when B. which C. whose D. where20. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _ lives were affected. (2013福建福建) A. whose B. that C. who D. which