2020年翻译资格考试一级笔译材料最新.docx

2020年翻译资格考试(catti)一级笔译材料2020年翻译资格考试(catti)一级笔译材料 Online Education: Patient Learning A new kind of online school wants to teach nursing, and more “I have been this close to buying a nursing school.” This is not a sentence you expect to hear from a startup founder. Nursing seems a world away from the high-tech whizziness of Silicon Valley. And, to use a venture-capital cliché, it does not scale easily. Austen Allred, boss of Lambda School, sees things differently. His two-year-old firm matches labour supply and demand by providing fast, efficient training to potential employees. It offers five online courses that prepare candidates to write software at technology firms. Training nurses, more of which are sorely needed to care for Americas ageing population, is not an illogical next step especially when many nursing schools have to turn people away. Instead of responding to the threat of joblessness posed by automation with a universal basic income, Mr Allred wants to help people to switch jobs faster. Unlike most online courses, Lambda does not charge students up front to attend (though admissions are competitive) and online tuition is live and interactive, not recorded. Full-time students attend for nine months, Monday to Friday, 8am to 5pm San Francisco time. Latecomers risk falling behind. In most recent classes, 85% of students who began a course finished it. The school only starts getting paid back for its services after its students have landed a job which pays them more than $50,000 a year, something Lambda expends significant energy to help them do. Around 70% of those enrolled do so within six months of graduation. Lambda then gets a cut of about a sixth of their income for the next two years, until they have paid about $30,000. (Or they can pay $20,000 up front.) The firm devotes about a third of its time and resources to finding jobs for its graduates, an unusually high share. Another third goes to recruiting students and the rest to teaching. Courses are created with employers requirements in mind. For its web-development programme, the list given to Lambda by companies runs to 280 items. Unlike coding, nursing cannot be taught entirely over the internet, so Lambda wants to co-operate with nursing schools across America that could provide the necessary hands-on instruction. After nursing, Lambda plans to work its way down the list of professions with the biggest job shortages. It is also examining the problem from the other side, identifying available jobs that require skills akin to those of victims of automation truckers displaced by self-driving lorries or call-centre workers replaced by robocalls. Lambdas quirks set it apart in Silicon Valley, but Mr Allred is not the first to recognise the value of work-focused education and training. Germany is famed for its widespread vocational training and apprenticeships. Closer to California, the University of Waterloo, a technology-oriented Canadian institution, has had gainful employment within the field of study as one of its core goals since it was founded 62 years ago. Students seeking an internship can enroll in a special scheme which matches them with firms. Norah McRae, who runs the programme, says that most universities spend little time finding work for the graduates, or teaching the skills they need to prosper in the job market. Too often students are treated as cash cows to be milked for research funding. But Ms McRae is also concerned that programmes like Lambda School, though well-meaning, risk undermining existing educational institutions by offering a quicker route to work. The kind of intense optimisation which Lambda espouses cannot, she worries, replace conventional learning, which strives to create not just capable workers but rounded individuals. Such fears presuppose that Lambda can succeed beyond even Mr Allreds wildest dreams or those of the venture capitalists who pumped $30m into the firm in January, valuing it at $150m. Student numbers, and so upfront costs, are growing faster than revenues. If Lambda can turn a profit by offering people a stab at a decent job that would be a fine lesson in capitalism. 在线教化：学习护理 一种新型网校想要教授护理和其他许多职业技能 “我离收购一所护理学校只有一步之遥了。”人们不会想到这样的话竟是出自一位创业公司的创始人之口。护理行业好像与硅谷的前沿科技风马牛不相及。而且用风险投资的套话来说，这个行业不简单很快做大。但兰姆达学校的老板奥斯丁·奥尔雷德有不同的看法。成立于两年前的兰姆达供应快速、高效的培训，为职场输送新人，以此匹配劳动力供需。公司目前供应五门在线课程，为科技公司培训程序员。下一步它打算开展护士培训，这并非不合逻辑人口老龄化的美国亟需更多护士，尤其是在当前许多护校无力招收更多学生的状况下。 奥尔雷德希望帮助人们更快地转行，而不是用所谓的“全民基本收入”来应对自动化带来的失业威逼。与大多数在线课程不同，兰姆达并不在开课前收学费(尽管入学竞争激烈)，其在线教学也是实时互动，而不是事先录制的。全日制学生的学制为九个月，授课时间为旧金山时间周一到周五的上午8点至下午5点。中途入学者可能会跟不上进度。在近期大部分课程中，85%的学生修完了自己选的课程。 只有在学员谋得一份年薪超过五万美元的工作后，学校才起先收取服务回报。而为了帮学生找到一份这样的工作，兰姆达花费了大量精力。约70%的学员在毕业后六个月内达到了这个目标。在此后的两年里，兰姆达会抽取学员收入的约六分之一，最终累计收取约三万美元。假如学员一次性付清，则为两万美元。 兰姆达将三分之一左右的时间和资源花在为毕业学员找工作上，这么高的比重不常见。另外三分之一用于招生，三分之一用于教学。课程是依据雇主的要求而设计的。在它的网站开发课程中，企业开给兰姆达的需求多达280项。而护理有别于编程，不行能完全通过互联网教授，因此兰姆达希望与全美各地能供应必要操作实训的护校合作。 在开展护理培训后，兰姆达还安排逐个进军其他人员最紧缺的职业。同时它也从另一面谛视问题，为那些被自动化淘汰的人员(例如被无人驾驶货车取代的卡车司机，或者被自动语音呼叫取代的呼叫中心员工)找到须要类似技能的就业岗位。 兰姆达的另类做法在硅谷独树一帜，但要说相识到以工作为导向的教化与培训的价值的，奥尔雷德并非第一人。德国就以职业培训和学徒制的普及而著名。离加州更近些的滑铁卢高校是加拿大一所技术型高校。自62年前创办以来，该校始终将找到与学生专业对口的较高收入工作作为自己的核心目标之一。想找实习机会的学生可以注册一个将他们与企业相匹配的特殊项目。负责该项目的诺拉·麦克雷表示，多数高校很少花时间帮助毕业生就业，也很少教授他们在就业市场获得胜利所需的技能。许多时候，学生们都被当成了捞取探讨经费的摇钱树。 但麦克雷也担忧，像兰姆达学校这样的培训项目虽然动身点不错，但可能会因为供应就业上的捷径而损害现有的教化体系。她担忧兰姆达提倡的那种密集型的优化培训并非是对传统教化的一种好的替代，因为后者致力培育的不仅是能胜任工作的员工，还是全面发展的个体。 不过这种担忧成立的前提是兰姆达取得的胜利要远远超出奥尔雷德本人的想象或者那些今年1月向兰姆达投资3000万美元、对其估值1.5亿美元的风险投资家们的想象。目前，学生人数的增长以及由此带来的前期成本的增速超过了收入的增速。假如兰姆达能通过帮助人们拿下一份风光工作来赢利，那还真会是资本主义的一条有益阅历。 2020年翻译资格考试(catti)一级笔译材料 How Birdwatchers, Others Can Help Migrating Bird Populations The kinds of birds coming through your neighborhood are probably changing, and so is the timing of their migrations. Birdwatchers noticing these differences are playing a big part in understanding how climate change and severe weather events are affecting bird populations. John Rowden is director of community conservation at the National Audubon Society, which aims to protect birds and their environments. He said, “Birders have to be much more alert to when birds are coming through than they used to be, since birds may be coming through much earlier or much later” Birdwatchers are increasingly seeing birds in their area that are usually found elsewhere, Rowden says. And, they are seeing fewer of the birds that usually travel through. “. Just because weve seen these birds year after year doesnt mean theyll always be there. They are declining in numbers because were throwing so many things at them, so we need to do what we can to help them,” Rowden said. At least 314 species of American birds are expected to lose 50 percent or more of their range by the end of the century. Those species are listed by the Audubon Society as climate-threatened or endangered, Rowden added. A United Nations science report issued Monday says 1 million species of plants and animals are at risk of disappearing from Earth. Scientists who issued the report blamed development that has led to loss of habitat as well as climate change, overfishing, pollution and invasive species. Environmentalists say there are a few easy steps people can take to help struggling bird populations. These include planting native species, which leads to more native insects for the birds to eat. The Audubon Societys Plants for Birds website provides plant suggestions for people in the United States, based on where they live in the country. During spring and fall migration seasons, people can help migrating birds by keeping outdoor lights turned off and covering reflective surfaces like large windows. People also should make indoor plants less visible to passing birds. The Audubon Society also runs a community science program called Climate Watch. It aims to collect data on how bird ranges or the places they are found are changing. Rowden says the program asks people to count the numbers of each species they see. The program goes from May 15 to June 15. Geoff LeBaron, director of the Christmas Bird Count at the National Audubon Society, says he has seen the effects of climate change firsthand. “Ive been a birder since I was a little kid,” he said. “Its clear that climate change is affecting and will continue to affect birds on a global scale, and its a question of whether or not they can adapt to what the climate is throwing at them.” Record droughts, floods, hurricanes and more are having a major effect, he said. Hurricanes usually happen during migration season, LeBaron noted. They have an especially big effect on sea birds, whose migration paths might change by thousands of kilometers as a result. Experts say sea birds and grasslands birds are most at risk from climate disasters. Birds known as aerial insectivores are also at risk because the insects they eat are getting harder to find. 鸟类视察者和其他人该如何帮助鸟类迁徙 从你旁边飞过的鸟类种类可能在始终改变，它们迁徙的时间也在变更。 鸟类视察者留意到这些差异可能对于他们理解气候改变以及恶劣天气事务如何影响鸟类种群方面发挥了重要的作用。 约翰·罗登是美国国家奥杜邦协会的社区爱护主任，该协会旨在爱护鸟类及其生存环境。他说:“观鸟者必需比以往更加警惕鸟类何时会飞来，因为鸟类可能来得更早，也可能来得更晚” 罗登说，鸟类视察者越来越多地发觉他们的地区常常出现其他地区的鸟类。此外，该地区常常出现的鸟类反而更少了。 “我们年复一年地看到这些鸟并不意味着它们就会始终出现在那里。它们的数量正在下降，因为我们向它们扔了那么多东西，所以我们须要尽我们所能来帮助它们。” 到本世纪末，预料至少有314种美国鸟类将失去50%甚至更多的活动范围。罗登补充说，这些鸟类被奥杜邦协会列入受气候威逼或濒危的物种。 周一，联合国发表的一份科学报告表示，有100万种动植物面临从地球上消逝的危急。 发布该报告的科学家指责称，发展导致栖息地丢失、气候改变、过度捕捞、污染和物种入侵。 环保人士表示，人们可以实行一些简洁的措施来帮助苦苦挣扎的鸟类种群。这些措施包括种植当地物种以产生更多的当地昆虫供鸟类食用。 奥杜邦鸟类协会的“鸟类可食用植物”网站为居住在美国不同地区的人们供应了植物种植建议。 在春、秋两个鸟类迁徙的季节，人们可以通过关闭户外灯光和遮盖大块反光玻璃等方式帮助鸟类迁徙。人们也须要隐藏室内植物，避开路过的鸟类看到。 奥杜邦协会还进行着一项名为“气候视察”的社区科学项目。目的是为收集关于鸟类活动范围(或它们被发觉的地方)如何改变的数据。罗登表示，该项目要求人们记录所看到的每个种类的数量。该项目从5月15日持续到6月15日。 美国奥杜邦协会的圣诞鸟类统计主任杰夫·莱巴龙说，他亲眼目睹了气候改变所产生的影响。 “我从很小的时候就爱视察鸟类，”他说。“很明显，气候改变正在并将接着影响全球范围内的鸟类，问题是鸟类能否适应气候改变给它们带来的影响。” 他说，创纪录的干旱、洪水、飓风等也产生重大影响。莱巴龙指出，飓风通常发生在迁徙的季节。飓风对海上鸟类的影响特殊严峻，它们的迁徙路途可能因此变更数千公里。 专家表示，海上的鸟类和草原上的鸟类最简单受到气候灾难的威逼。空中食虫的鸟类也处于危急之中，因为它们吃的昆虫越来越难找到。 2020年翻译资格考试(catti)一级笔译材料 Synthetic Biology: Redesigning Life 合成生物学：生命再设计(节选) The promise and perils of synthetic biology 合成生物学的希望与风险 The new biology calls all in doubt Start with the most recent of these previous shifts. Fossil fuels have enabled humans to drive remarkable economic expansion in the present using biological productivity from ages past, stored away in coal and oil. But much wilderness has been lost, and carbon atoms which last saw the atmosphere hundreds of millions of years ago have strengthened the planets greenhouse effect to a degree that may prove catastrophic. Here, synthetic biology can do well. It is already being used to replace some products made from petrochemicals; in time it could replace some fuels, too. Burger King recently introduced into some of its restaurants a beefless Whopper that gets its meatiness from an engineered plant protein; such innovations could greatly ease a shift to less environmentally taxing diets. They could also be used to do more with less. Plants and their soil microbes could produce their own fertilisers and pesticides, ruminants less greenhouse gas though to ensure that synthetic biology yields such laudable environmental goals will take public policy as well as the cues of the market.考生假如怕自己错过考试成果查询的话，可以 免费预约短信提示，届时会以短信的方式提示大家报名和考试时间。 The second example of biological change sweeping the world is the Columbian exchange, in which the 16th centurys newly global network of trade shuffled together the creatures of the New World and the Old. Horses, cattle and cotton were introduced to the Americas; maize, potatoes, chilli and tobacco to Europe, Africa and Asia. The ecosystems in which humans live became globalised as never before, providing more productive agriculture all round, richer diets for many. But there were also disastrous consequences. Measles, smallpox and other pathogens ran through the New World like a forest fire, claiming tens of millions of lives. The Europeans weaponised this catastrophe, conquering lands depleted and disordered by disease. Synthetic biology could create such weapons by design: pathogens designed to weaken, to incapacitate or to kill, and perhaps also to limit themselves to particular types of target. There is real cause for concern here but not for immediate alarm. For such weaponisation would, like the rest of cutting-edge synthetic biology, take highly skilled teams with significant resources. And armies already have lots of ways to flatten cities and kill people in large numbers. When it comes to mass destruction, a disease is a poor substitute for a nuke. Whats more, todays synthetic-biology community lives up to ideals of openness and public service better than many older fields. Maintained and nurtured, that culture should serve as a powerful immune system against rogue elements. The earliest biological transformation domestication produced what was hitherto the biggest change in how humans lived their lives. Haphazardly, then purposefully, humans bred cereals to be more bountiful, livestock to be more docile, dogs more obedient and cats more companionable (the last a partial success, at best). This allowed new densities of settlement and new forms of social organisation: the market, the city, the state. Humans domesticated themselves as well as their crops and animals, creating space for the drudgery of subsistence agriculture and oppressive political hierarchies. Synthetic biology will have a similar cascading effect, transforming humans relationships with each other and, potentially, their own biological nature. The ability to reprogram the embryo is, rightly, the site of most of todays ethical concerns. In future, they may extend further; what should one make of people with the upper-body strength of gorillas, or minds impervious to sorrow? How humans may choose to change themselves biologically is hard to say; that some choices will be controversial is not. Which leads to the main way in which this transformation differs from the three that came before. Their significance was discovered only in retrospect. This time, there will be foresight. It will not be perfect: there will certainly be unanticipated effects. But synthetic biology will be driven by the pursuit of goals, both anticipated and desired. It will challenge the human capacity for wisdom and foresight. It might defeat it. But carefully nurtured, it might also help expand it. 新生物学让一切充溢变数 先从三次转变中距今最近的一次说起。化石燃料的运用释放了过去存储在煤和石油中的生物生产力，大大推动了当今人类经济的发展。但大片荒野不复存在，碳原子上一次充斥于大气是在亿万年前，如今它们的存在大大加重了地球的温室效应，甚至可能导致灾难性后果。在这方面，合成生物学可以有所贡献。它已被用来取代一些石油化工产品，假以时日可能还会取代一些燃料。最近，汉堡王在其部分餐厅推出了一款无牛肉皇堡，其中的肉味来自一种转基因植物蛋白。此类创新可以让人类向更环保饮食方式的转变变得轻松很多。同时，创新还有事半功倍的效果。植物及其土壤微生物可以制造出自身所需的肥料和杀虫剂，反刍动物可以削减排放温室气体。当然，要确保合成生物学达成如此值得称道的环境目标，