5分钟教会你托福分数怎么算精选.docx

5分钟教会你托福分数怎么算5分钟教会你托福分数怎么算新托福听力评分标准在托福听力考试中一共会6篇文章，34道题目，在6篇文章中全部回答正确的题目数量加起来就是你的托福听力参考总分。在托福听力表格题中，全部的项目都要回答正确，你才算是拿到了总分。在双项选择题中，只有把两个正确答案都选出来才算拿到了总分，少选、多选或者误选都不能拿到你的“point”。新托福口语评分标准托福口语考生的原始录音答案由互联网传递至ETS进行打分和评判。一个考生的六道口语题，会被至少两位，最多三位考官评分。每道口语题会被一位考官给一个原始分(0-4 之间的整数分)。而详细评分标准则可以参与以下的表格。新托福写作评分标准综合写作是托福写作板块中的其中一项。托福考试的写作部分分为综合(Integrated writing)和独立(Independent writing)两块，这两块分别独立评分，取平均值后得到最终的分数。也就是说，这两个部分各占一半权重，因此应赐予相同程度的重视。六分：文章切题，阐说充分，文章有劝服力;段落组织有序，连接紧密，过渡自然，有很强的逻辑性;段落内句与句连接顺畅，句式运用恰当，敏捷，娴熟;用词准确，得体。文章中有个别语法拼法错误，但不影响内容表达。五分：文章切题，阐说基本充分，在某些细微环节上有缺陷。段落层次组织有序，连接紧密，过渡自然，逻辑性强;句间连接顺畅，句式运用恰当，敏捷;用词基本得体。文章中有少量用词不当和语法拼法错误。四分：文章切题，阐说尚可，绽开不够。段落层次组织有序，连接紧密，过渡自然，有逻辑性;句间连接基本顺畅;有部分句法错误;用词一般，有时不得体。词性区分和拼法等有若干错误。三分：文章切题，段落组织基本合理，有逻辑性，但只存在于语义层次上，语言表达上未能体现;句子框架结构基本成立，但有很多语法错误，句间联系不顺畅，往往是不擅长运用逻辑连词，显得无趣，生硬。词汇方面拼法错误多，常有用词不得体现象。二分：文章切题。阐说没有绽开，只限于三言两语地回答问题;没有段落组织，很乱，长度很短，只有一段;句子排列有肯定的逻辑关系，能看出各句基本框架，但结构或语法错误较多;用词不得体，拼法错误多。一分：文章各方面都有严峻错误，句子不像句子。总体印象是根本没有写作实力，英语水平太低，够不上二分标准，只能打最低分。新托福阅读评分标准托福阅读总共有3篇文章如遇到加试，则随机3篇文章算分，另1篇文章不算分。每篇文章700个字，对应14道题目。其中，13道题是基础信息和推断题，每道题1分。最终一道题是小结题，俗称大题，满分2分。托福阅读部分整体42道题，对应原始分数满分45分。将会给出原始分数与最终分数的对应。托福阅读满分为42至45分不等，转换为标准分后满分为30分。对于托福阅读评分标准我们呈现给大家一个表格进行具体的了解下吧。托福阅读TPO30第2篇:The Pace of Evolutionary ChangeA heated debate has enlivened recent studies of evolution. Darwin's original thesis, and the viewpoint supported by evolutionary gradualists, is that species change continuously but slowly and in small increments. Such changes are all but invisible over the short time scale of modern observations, and, it is argued, they are usually obscured by innumerable gaps in the imperfect fossil record. Gradualism, with its stress on the slow pace of change, is a comforting position, repeated over and over again in generations of textbooks. By the early twentieth century, the question about the rate of evolution had been answered in favor of gradualism to most biologists' satisfaction.Sometimes a closed question must be reopened as new evidence or new arguments based on old evidence come to light. In 1972 paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, which posits that species give rise to new species in relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period. These episodes of rapid evolution are separated by relatively long static spans during which a species may hardly change at all.The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis attempts to explain a curious feature of the fossil recordone that has been familiar to paleontologist for more than a century but has usually been ignored. Many species appear to remain unchanged in the fossil record for millions of yearsa situation that seems to be at odds with Darwin's model of continuous change. Intermediated fossil forms, predicted by gradualism, are typically lacking. In most localities a given species of clam or coral persists essentially unchanged throughout a thick formation of rock, only to be replaced suddenly by a new and different species.The evolution of North American horse, which was once presented as a classic textbook example of gradual evolution, is now providing equally compelling evidence for punctuated equilibrium. A convincing 50-million-year sequence of modern horse ancestorseach slightly larger, with more complex teeth, a longer face, and a more prominent central toeseemed to provide strong support for Darwin's contention that species evolve gradually. But close examination of those fossil deposits now reveals a somewhat different story. Horses evolved in discrete steps, each of which persisted almost unchanged for millions of years and was eventually replaced by a distinctive newer model. The four-toed Eohippus preceded the three-toed Miohippus, for example, but North American fossil evidence suggests a jerky, uneven transition between the two. If evolution had been a continuous, gradual process, one might expect that almost every fossil specimen would be slightly different from every year.If it seems difficult to conceive how major changes could occur rapidly, consider this: an alteration of a single gene in files is enough to turn a normal fly with a single pair of wings into one that has two pairs of wings.The question about the rate of evolution must now be turned around: does evolution ever proceed gradually, or does it always occur in short bursts? Detailed field studies of thick rock formations containing fossils provide the best potential tests of the competing theories.Occasionally, a sequence of fossil-rich layers of rock permits a comprehensive look at one type of organism over a long period of time. For example, Peter Sheldon's studies of trilobites, a now extinct marine animal with a segmented body, offer a detailed glimpse into three million years of evolution in one marine environment. In that study, each of eight different trilobite species was observed to undergo a gradual change in the number of segmentstypically an increase of one or two segments over the whole time interval. No significant discontinuous were observed, leading Sheldon to conclude that environmental conditions were quite stable during the period he examined.Similar exhaustive studies are required for many different kinds of organisms from many different periods. Most researchers expect to find that both modes of transition from one species to another are at work in evolution. Slow, continuous change may be the norm during periods of environmental stability, while rapid evolution of new species occurs during periods of environment stress. But a lot more studies like Sheldon's are needed before we can say for sure.1.The word innumerable in the passage is closest in the meaning toA.countless.B.occasional.C.large.D.repeated.2.According to paragraph 1, all of the following are true EXCEPTA.Darwin saw evolutionary change as happening slowly and gradually.B.Gaps in the fossil record were used to explain why it is difficult to see continuous small changes in the evolution of species.C.Darwin's evolutionary thesis was rejected because small changes could not be observed in the evolutionary record.D.By the early twentieth century, most biologists believed that gradualism explained evolutionary change.3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 2 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis challenged gradualism, which holds that species evolve in relatively sudden bursts of brief duration.B.The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis developed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge was challenged in 1972.C.In 1972 Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged gradualism by positing that change from one species to another cannot occur without a lengthy transition period.D.The punctuate equilibrium hypothesis, in opposition to gradualism, holds that transitions from one species to another occur in comparatively sudden burst.4.According to paragraph 1 and paragraph 2, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis and the gradualism hypothesis differed aboutA.Whether the fossil record is complete.B.Whether all species undergo change.C.Whether evolution proceeds an a constant rate.D.How many new species occur over long periods of time.5.According to paragraph 3, the lack of intermediate fossils in the fossil record of some speciesA.has been extensively studied by paleontologist for over a century.B.contradicts the idea that most species have remained unchanged for millions of years.C.challenges the view that evolutionary change is gradual.D.is most common in the fossil records of clam and coral species.6.The word compelling in the passage paragraph 4 is closest in the meaning toA.surprising.B.persuasive.C.controversial.D.detailed.7.Paragraph 4 mentions that North American horses have changed in all the following ways EXCEPT inA.the number of toes they have.B.the length of their face.C.their overall size.D.the number of years they live.8.The word alteration in the passage paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.imperfection.B.replacement.C.change.D.duplication.9.According to paragraph 7, Peter Sheldon's studies demonstrated which ofthe following about trilobites?A.They underwent gradual change over a long time period.B.They experienced a number of discontinuous transitions during their history.C.They remained unchanged during a long period of environmental stability.D.They evolved in ways that cannot be counted for by either of the two competing theories.10.The word occasionally in the passage paragraph 7 is closest in meaning toA.undoubtedly.B.basically.C.once in a while.D.to some extent.11.The main purpose of paragraph 7 is toA.Describe one test of the competing theories.B.Provide an example of punctuated equilibrium.C.Describe how segmented animals evidence both competing theories.D.Explain why trilobites became extinct.12. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where could the sentence best fit? They believe that environmental conditions may play a crucial role in determining which of the two modes will be in operation over a given period.Similar exhaustive studies are required for many different kinds of organisms from many different periods. Most researchers expect to find that both modes of transition from one species to another are at work in evolution.Slow, continuous change may be the norm during periods of environmental stability, while rapid evolution of new species occurs during periods of environment stress. But a lot more studies like Sheldon's are needed before we can say for sure.13.Directions: selected from the seven phrases below the phrases that correctly characterize punctuated equilibrium and the phrases that correctly characterize gradualism. Two of the phrases will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.A.States that new species emerge from existing species during relatively brief period of time.B.Was first formulated by Charles Darwin.C.Explain why North American horses have become smaller over time.D.States that new species evolve slowly and continuously from existing species.E.Explain the lack of intermediate fossil forms in the fossil record of many species.F.Competition is usually strongest when the density of the competing populations is the same.G.States that a species will not change unless its environment changes.1 )GradualismA B C D E F G2 )punctuated equilibriumA B C D E F G托福阅读答案1.innumerable是数不胜数的，A是多数的，B是偶然的，C是大的，D是重复的。这个单词是numerable加否定前缀，很简单就能推出意思来。2.A答案对应第一段其次句， B对应第一段第三句，D对应一段最终一句。C与原文冲突，原文始终在说darwin理论被人们广泛接受。3.高亮句子的主干部分是断点平衡论挑战了原来的渐进论，然后说明了断点平衡论的内容。A选项which修饰不明，简单产生误会;B选项与原文冲突，C与原文不符，原文S和N的观点是change的发生是without lengthy transition的。D和原文意思相符，并且也包含了全部的主干部分。4.依据原文，渐进论是说物种演化是通过长时间的缓慢变更发生的;断点平衡论是说物种演化是短期爆发的。所以选择C，进化是否是匀速发生的。5.依据lack of intermediate fossils定位到第三段倒数其次句，在往前看一句说，这一状况对于达尔文学说是不和的，而达尔文学说正是渐进论，这一段的最终也说原来的物种突然被替换，而不是慢慢进化变更的。所以C符合原文意思。 A与原文第一句破折号后冲突，原文说这一现象始终被Ignored，B选项原文冲突，该现象应当是反对了达尔文学说，支持了物种有长期不变更的论点。D虽然正确但是只是本段的细微环节，不能表达主题，所以不选。6.Compel本身是强迫，此处作为evidence的形容词可以延长为劝服力强的。因此答案选B 有劝服力的。A是惊异的，C是有争议的，D是细微环节的。都不沾边。另外通过句义可以推断，前文说马的进化was once 是经典的渐进论的证明，is now(稍微转折)提了equally怎么样的证据证明白点断平衡论，前文既然说对gradual evolution很支持，那么后文出现equally，那应当对点断论也是有力证据。因此选B。7.对应部分在第四段的其次句和第五句，只有D选项没有出现。8.这一句话说一个怎么样的单一基因就足以变一个一般飞禽的一对的正常翅为两对翅膀，所以有推理应当是要变更这个基因。所以选C，Alteration是修改，变更，A选项是不完备，B是替换，D是复制 带入后都变更了原文的意思。9.依据Peter Sheldon定位到原文其次句。后面对trilobites进行了描述，A选项对应了原文第三句，后文又接着说没有明显的断点。所以A正确。 B与原文第四句冲突。C与第三句冲突，D原文没有这种说法。而且上文也表明它符合gradual evolvement。10.occasionally，是偶然间或的意思。A是毫无疑问的，B是基本上，C是间或有一次。D是在肯定程度上。因此应当选C。并且上文提出问题说是否有过渐渐进化?那么下文给的是一个渐渐进化的例子，所以应当是在表达间或有一两个的意思。11.上文说实地勘测会给competing theories供应test，第七段就给了试验例子，那么就证明是A正确。B与原文冲突，这个例子是支持渐进论的。C也不对，理由同上。D与原文目的不符。12.首先句子开头出现了They，那么我们应当能在前文找到一个提到人物的地方，句子又提出environmental condition的作用，那么后文应当会出现对这一理论的说明，那么C是符合的，也可以进行代入验证。13.A断点平衡论论点为物种改变发生突然，快速，符合。B对应文章第一段第一句话，符合渐进论。C与原文第四段其次句冲突，原文说马进化会变大。不选。D原文第一段第一句，符合渐进论。E对应原文第三段。符合点断平衡论。F原文没提到，不选。G原文最终一段，说渐进论应当会是环境比较稳定的状况下的进化规则。符合渐进论。托福阅读译文最近的一个关于进化的探讨引发了激烈的争辩。达尔文的原始论点和进化渐进主义者支持的观点是物种会持续地变更，但特别缓慢，增量也很小。这种变更是普遍的，但是现在短时间的视察是不能察觉的，并且，这个观点声称，它们通常被掩盖于不完备的化石记录的数不胜数的缺失中。渐进主义及其对物种缓慢改变的引力让人欣然接受，并在世代的教科书中重复出现。在20世纪早前之前，令大部分的生物学家满意于利用渐进主义来回答关于进化速率的问题。有时，已经有了结论的问题必需由在已有证据基础上出现的新的证据和新的论点使其重新绽开探讨。在1972年，古生物学者Stephen Jay Gould和 Niles Eldredge用相反的论点挑战了世俗的结论，即断点平衡说，它假设了物种演化为新的物种是通过相对突然的爆发，并非通过长时间的过渡时期。快速的进化期被时间相对更长的静态期分开，而在静态时期，物种是几乎完全不变的。断点平衡论试着去说明化石记录的一个怪异的特点-在超过一个世纪的时间里它已经为古生物学者所熟识，但始终被忽视。很多物种好像在上百万年的化石记录中始终没有变更，这个状况与达尔文的模型所支持的物种的持续改变相悖。进化渐进论的支持者所预料的中间状态的化石始终没有出现。在大部分蛤和珊瑚的聚集地，其化石在很厚的岩石中都事实上没有改变，只是突然被另一新的并且不同的物种而取代。北美马的进化曾经被用作经典的教科书案例来证明渐变进化论，现在却为断点平衡学供应了同样有劝服力的证据。一个有劝服力的5千万年的马祖先的进化模型-每一代都稍稍大一点，有更困难的牙齿，更长的脸，和中间更突出的脚趾-这一切都看似强有力的支持了达尔文的论点，物种是逐步地进化的。但是，对这些化石更严谨的验证现在揭示了一个不太一样的故事。马是在不连续的步骤中进化的，其中每个进化步骤中间都有上百万年时间保持不变，在最终被一个不同的更新的模型取代。比如四只脚趾的Eohippus 在三只脚趾的moihippus之前，但北美化石证据表明在这之间有一个不平稳的，不均衡的转换过程。假如进化始终都是连续，渐进的过程，人们应当预期到的是每年的化石样本都会存在微小的差别。假如很难设想大的变更会快速发生，想想这些：一个单一基因的变更就足以将有一对翅膀的苍蝇变成两对翅膀。关于进化速度的问题现在发生了转变：进化过程是渐渐发生的么，还是总是突然短时间的爆发?对含有化石的厚岩层的细致的现场调查可以检验这两个备受争辩的理论。间或，有一个系列的化石丰富的岩石可以允许人们综合性的视察一种生物在很长一段时间中的改变。比如，Peter Sheldon对于三叶虫，一种已灭亡的身体分节的海洋生物，的探讨供应了其对三百万年来在同一海洋环境下进化的一些细微环节。探讨中，八种三叶虫都视察到了其身体节数数量渐渐变更的过程，在整个时间段中，一般身体都增加了一到两节。没有明显的不连贯，这使sheldon得出结论：海洋环境在那段时间是比较稳定的。许多来自不同时期的不同的生物都须要开展相像的相近探讨。大多数探讨者希望发觉物种进化的这两种模式都存在。缓慢的，连续的改变可能是在环境稳定的时间段下的规律，而快速进化的新物种则发生在环境改变时期的压力下。但是，我们须要更多的想Sheldon所做的探讨以证明这个观点。5分钟教会你托福分数怎么算