2022年贵州GRE考试模拟卷（1）.docx

2022年贵州GRE考试模拟卷（1）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.The opposite of adaptive divergence is an interesting and fairly common expression of evo- lution. Whereas related groups of organisms take Line on widely different characters in becoming (5) adapted to unlike environments in the case of adaptive divergence, we find that unrelated groups of organisms exhibit adaptive convergence when they adopt similar modes of life or become suited for special sorts of environments. For (10) example, invertebrate marine animals living firm- ly attached to the sea bottom or to some foreign object tend to develop a subcylindrical or conical form. This is illustrated by coral individuals, by many sponges, and even by the diminutive tubes (15) of bryozoans. Adaptive convergence in taking this coral-like form is shown by some brachiopods and pelecypods that grew in fixed position. More readily appreciated is the streamlined fitness of most fishes for moving swiftly through water; (20) they have no neck, the contour of the body is smoothly curved so as to give minimum resis- tance, and the chief propelling organ is a power- ful tail fin. The fact that some fossil reptiles (ichthyosaurs) and modern mammals (whales, (25) dolphins) are wholly fishlike in form is an expression of adaptive convergence, for these air- breathing reptiles and mammals, which are highly efficient swimmers, are not closely related to fishes. Unrelated or distantly related organisms (30) that develop similarity of form are sometimes designated as homeomorphs (having the same form).It can be inferred that in the paragraph immediately preceding this passage the author discussedAmarine intelligenceBadaptive divergenceCair-breathing reptilesDenvironmental impactsE(E) organisms with similar forms 2.Observe the dilemma of the fungus: it is a plant, but it possesses no chlorophyll. While all other plants put the suns energy to work for them Line combining the nutrients of ground and air into the (5) body structure, the chlorophylless fungus must look elsewhere for an energy supply. It finds it in those other plants which, having received their energy free from the sun, relinquish it at some point in their cycle either to animals (like us (10) humans) or to fungi. In this search for energy the fungus has become the earths major source of rot and decay. Wherever you see mold forming on a piece of bread, or a pile of leaves turning to compost, or a (15) blown-down tree becoming pulp on the ground, you are watching a fungus eating. Without fungus action the earth would be piled high with the dead plant life of past centuries. In fact, certain plants which contain resins that are toxic to fungi will (20) last indefinitely; specimens of the redwood, for instance, can still be found resting on the forest floor centuries after having been blown down.The passage states all the following about fungi EXCEPT:AThey are responsible for the decomposition of much plant life.BThey cannot live completely apart from other plants.CThey are vastly different from other plants.DThey are poisonous to resin-producing plants.E(E) They cannot produce their own store of energy. 3.Ocean water plays an indispensable role in supporting life. The great ocean basins hold about 300 million cubic miles of water. From this vast Line amount, about 80,000 cubic miles of water are (5) sucked into the atmosphere each year by evapora- tion and returned by precipitation and drainage to the ocean. More than 24,000 cubic miles of rain descend annually upon the continents. This vast amount is required to replenish the lakes and (10) streams, springs and water tables on which all flora and fauna are dependent. Thus, the hydro- sphere permits organic existence. The hydrosphere has strange characteristics because water has properties unlike those of any (15) other liquid. One anomaly is that water upon freezing expands by about 9 percent, whereas most liquids contract on cooling. For this reason, ice floats on water bodies instead of sinking to the bottom. If the ice sank, the hydrosphere would (20) soon be frozen solidly, except for a thin layer of surface melt water during the summer season. Thus, all aquatic life would be destroyed and the interchange of warm and cold currents, which moderates climate, would be notably absent. (25) Another outstanding characteristic of water is that water has a heat capacity which is the highest of all liquids and solids except ammonia. This characteristic enables the oceans to absorb and store vast quantities of heat, thereby often pre- (30) venting climatic extremes. In addition, water dis- solves more substances than any other liquid. It is this characteristic which helps make oceans a great storehouse for minerals which have been washed down from the continents. In several (35) areas of the world these minerals are being com- mercially exploited. Solar evaporation of salt is widely practiced, potash is extracted from the Dead Sea, and magnesium is produced from sea water along the American Gulf Coast.According to the passage, the hydrosphere is NOTAresponsible for all forms of lifeBable to modify weatherCa source of natural resourcesDin danger of freezing overE(E) the part of the earth covered by water 4.Nearly two thousand years have passed since a census decreed by Caesar Augustus became part of the greatest story every told. Many things have Line changed in the intervening years. The hotel indus- (5) try worries more about overbuilding than over- crowding, and if they had to meet an unexpected influx, few inns would have a manger to accom- modate the weary guests. Now it is the census taker that does the traveling in the fond hope that (10) a highly mobile population will stay put long enough to get a good sampling. Methods of gath- ering, recording, and evaluating information have presumably been improved a great deal. And where then it was the modest purpose of Rome to (15) obtain a simple head count as an adequate basis for levying taxes, now batteries of complicated statistical series furnished by governmental agen- cies and private organizations are eagerly scanned and interpreted by sages and seers to get a clue to (20) future events. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present-day economic forecasting, there are con- siderable differences of opinion. They were aired (25) at the celebration of the 125th anniversary of the American Statistical Association. There was the thought that business forecasting might well be on its way from an art to a science, and some speakers talked about newfangled computers and (30) high-falutin mathematical systems in terms of excitement and endearment which we, at least in our younger years when these things matter, would have associated more readily with the description of a fair maiden. But others pointed to (35) the deplorable record of highly esteemed forecasts and forecasters with a batting average below that of the Mets, and the presidentelect of the Association cautioned that "high powered statisti- cal methods are usually in order where the facts (40) are crude and inadequate, the exact contrary of what crude and inadequate statisticians assume." We left this birthday party somewhere between hope and despair and with the conviction, not really newly acquired, that proper statistical (45) methods applied to ascertainable facts have their merits in economic forecasting as long as neither forecaster nor public is deluded into mistaking the delineation of probabilities and trends for a pre- diction of certainties of mathematical exactitude.According to the passage, taxation in Roman times was based onAmobilityBwealthCpopulationDcensus takersE(E) economic predictions 5.The atmosphere is a mixture of several gases. There are about ten chemical elements which remain permanently in gaseous form in the atmo- Line sphere under all natural conditions. Of these per- (5) manent gases, oxygen makes up about 21 percent and nitrogen about 78 percent. Several other gases, such as argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, neon, krypton, and xenon, comprise the remaining 1 percent of the volume of dry air. The amount (10) of water vapor, and its variations in amount and distribution, are of extraordinary importance in weather changes. Atmospheric gases hold in sus- pension great quantities of dust, pollen, smoke, and other impurities which are always present in (15) considerable, but variable amounts. The atmosphere has no definite upper limits but gradually thins until it becomes imperceptible. Until recently it was assumed that the air above the first few miles gradually grew thinner and (20) colder at a constant rate. It was also assumed that upper air had little influence on weather changes. Recent studies of the upper atmosphere, currently being conducted by earth satellites and missile probings, have shown these assumptions to be (25) incorrect. The atmosphere has three well-defined strata. The layer of the air next to the earth, which extends upward for about 10 miles, is known as the troposphere. On the whole, it makes up about (30) 75 percent of all the weight of the atmosphere. It is the warmest part of the atmosphere because most of the solar radiation is absorbed by the earths surface, which Warms the air immediately surrounding it. A steady decrease of temperature (35) with increasing elevation is a most striking char- acteristic. The upper layers are colder because of their greater distance from the earths surface and rapid radiation of heat into space. The tem- peratures within the troposphere decrease about (40) 3.5 degrees per 1000-foot increase in altitude. Within the troposphere, winds and air currents distribute heat and moisture. Strong winds, called jet streams, are located at the upper levels of the troposphere. These jet streams are both (45) complex and widespread in occurrence. They normally show a waveshaped pattern and move from west to east at velocities of 150 mph, but velocities as high as 400 mph have been noted. The influences of changing locations and (50) strengths of jet streams upon weather conditions and patterns are no doubt considerable. Current intensive research may eventually reveal their true significance. Above the troposphere to a height of about (55) 50 miles is a zone called the stratosphere. The stratosphere is separated from the troposphere by a zone of uniform temperatures called the tropopause. Within the lower portions of the stratosphere is a layer of ozone gases which filters (60) out most of the ultraviolet rays from the sun. The ozone layer varies with air pressure. If this zone were not there, the full blast of the suns ultra- violet light would burn our skins, blind our eyes, and eventually result in our destruction. Within (65) the stratosphere, the temperature and atmospheric composition are relatively uniform. The layer upward of about 50 miles is the most fascinating but the least known of these three strata. It is called the ionosphere because it (70) consists of electrically charged particles called ions, thrown from the sun. The northern lights (aurora borealis) originate within this highly charged portion of the atmosphere. Its effect upon weather conditions, if any, is as yet unknown.Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of the passageANew Methods for Calculating the Composition of the AtmosphereBNew Evidence Concerning the Stratification of the AtmosphereCThe Atmosphere: Its Nature and Importance to Our WeatherDThe Underlying Causes of Atmospheric TurbulenceE(E) Stratosphere, Troposphere, Ionosphere: Three Similar Zones 6.*Like her white friends Eleanor Roosevelt and Aubrey Williams, Mary Bethune believed in the fundamental commitment of the New Deal to Line assist the black Americans struggle and in the (5) need for blacks to assume responsibilities to help win that struggle. Unlike those Of her white liberal associates, however, Bethunes ideas had evolved out of a long experience as a "race leader." Founder of a small black college in (10) Florida, she had become widely known by 1935 as an organizer of black womens groups and as a civil and political rights activist. Deeply religious, certain of her own capabilities, she held a rela- tively uncluttered view of what she felt were the (15) New Deals and her own peoples obligations to the cause of racial justice. Unafraid to speak her mind to powerful whites, including the President, or to differing black factions, she combined faith in the ultimate willingness of whites to discard (20) their prejudice and bigotry with a strong sense of racial pride and commitment to Negro self-help. More than her liberal white friends, Bethune argued for a strong and direct black voice in initi- ating and shaping government policy. She pur- (25) sued this in her conversations with President Roosevelt, in numerous memoranda to Aubrey Williams, and in her administrative work as head of the National Youth Administrations Office of Negro Affairs. With the assistance of Williams, (30) she was successful in having blacks selected to NYA posts at the