2022青海职称英语考试真题卷（4）.docx

2022青海职称英语考试真题卷（4）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1. 下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。 BCancer Drug Trials Often Halted Early/B An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated, say Italian researchers, who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use. The researchers looked at 25 randomized, controlled clinical trials that were stopped early because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients. "When we analyzed 25 trials over a 10-year period between 1997 and 2007, we found a consistent increase in prematurely stopped trialsmore than 50 percent were stopped within the last three years," study co-author Giovanni Apolone said at a news conference Tuesday. Of 14 trials halted early and published between 2005 and 2007,the researchers found that 11 (79 percent) of them were used to support drug approval applications submitted to the European Medicines Agency and the US Food and Drug Administration. "This suggests a strong commercial component in stopping trials prematurely. In fact, this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies. On the other hand, a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an immature benefit/risk balance of new drugs," Apolone said. He and his colleagues "are aware that trials stopped early because they are showing benefit may result in identification of promising new treatments for patients. However, findings obtained following this strategy should be considered to be preliminary results that require subsequent confirmation. " It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treatment to become apparent, Apolone noted, but the average duration (持续时间) of the 25 studies he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months, with a range from 12 to 64 months. They also found that at the time five of the studies were stopped, theyd enrolled less than 40 percent of the total number of patients planned for final analysis. "Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever theres proof beyond reasonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior. That would be an ethical obligation," Stuart Pocock, a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom, said at the news conference. "However, too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy (功效) without strong evidence being available."The number of prematurely stopped clinical trials has increased recently. A RightB WrongC Not mentioned 2. 下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。 BCancer Drug Trials Often Halted Early/B An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated, say Italian researchers, who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use. The researchers looked at 25 randomized, controlled clinical trials that were stopped early because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients. "When we analyzed 25 trials over a 10-year period between 1997 and 2007, we found a consistent increase in prematurely stopped trialsmore than 50 percent were stopped within the last three years," study co-author Giovanni Apolone said at a news conference Tuesday. Of 14 trials halted early and published between 2005 and 2007,the researchers found that 11 (79 percent) of them were used to support drug approval applications submitted to the European Medicines Agency and the US Food and Drug Administration. "This suggests a strong commercial component in stopping trials prematurely. In fact, this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies. On the other hand, a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an immature benefit/risk balance of new drugs," Apolone said. He and his colleagues "are aware that trials stopped early because they are showing benefit may result in identification of promising new treatments for patients. However, findings obtained following this strategy should be considered to be preliminary results that require subsequent confirmation. " It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treatment to become apparent, Apolone noted, but the average duration (持续时间) of the 25 studies he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months, with a range from 12 to 64 months. They also found that at the time five of the studies were stopped, theyd enrolled less than 40 percent of the total number of patients planned for final analysis. "Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever theres proof beyond reasonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior. That would be an ethical obligation," Stuart Pocock, a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom, said at the news conference. "However, too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy (功效) without strong evidence being available."The trials were stopped early because the treatments proved to be of no value. A RightB WrongC Not mentioned 3. 下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。 BCancer Drug Trials Often Halted Early/B An increasing number of clinical trials for new cancer treatments are being halted before the risks and benefits have been fully evaluated, say Italian researchers, who warn that this growing trend could put patients at risk of harm from new therapies rushed into use. The researchers looked at 25 randomized, controlled clinical trials that were stopped early because the treatments had started to show benefit to patients. "When we analyzed 25 trials over a 10-year period between 1997 and 2007, we found a consistent increase in prematurely stopped trialsmore than 50 percent were stopped within the last three years," study co-author Giovanni Apolone said at a news conference Tuesday. Of 14 trials halted early and published between 2005 and 2007,the researchers found that 11 (79 percent) of them were used to support drug approval applications submitted to the European Medicines Agency and the US Food and Drug Administration. "This suggests a strong commercial component in stopping trials prematurely. In fact, this strategy could guarantee quicker access to the market for companies. On the other hand, a quicker clinical drug development may lead to an immature benefit/risk balance of new drugs," Apolone said. He and his colleagues "are aware that trials stopped early because they are showing benefit may result in identification of promising new treatments for patients. However, findings obtained following this strategy should be considered to be preliminary results that require subsequent confirmation. " It can take several years for the long-term benefits or harmful side effects of a new treatment to become apparent, Apolone noted, but the average duration (持续时间) of the 25 studies he and his colleagues analyzed was 30 months, with a range from 12 to 64 months. They also found that at the time five of the studies were stopped, theyd enrolled less than 40 percent of the total number of patients planned for final analysis. "Clinical trials need to stop early for superior benefit whenever theres proof beyond reasonable doubt that the new treatment really is superior. That would be an ethical obligation," Stuart Pocock, a professor of medical statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom, said at the news conference. "However, too many trials are stopped early claiming efficacy (功效) without strong evidence being available."The 25 trials involved roughly the same number of participants. A RightB WrongC Not mentioned 4. 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。 B第一篇/BB Youth Emancipation in Spain/B The Spanish Government is so worried about the number of young adults still living with their parents that it has decided to help them leave the nest. Around 55 percent of people aged 18-34 in Spain still sleep in their parents home, says the latest report from the countrys state-run Institute of Youth. To coax(劝诱) young people from their homes, the Institute started a "Youth Emancipation(解放)" programme this month. The programme offers guidance in finding rooms and jobs. Economists blame young peoples family dependence on the precarious(不稳定的)labour market and increasing housing prices. Housing prices have risen 17 percent a year since 2000. Cultural reasons also contribute to the problem, say sociologists(社会学家). Family ties in south EuropeItaly, Portugal and Greeceare stronger than those in middle and north Europe, said Spanish sociologist Almudena Moreno Minguez in her report "The Late Emancipation of Spanish Youth: Key for Understanding". "In general, young people in Spain firmly believe in the family as the main body around which their private. life is organized," said Minguez. In Spain especially in the countryside, it is not uncommon to find entire groups of aunts, uncles, cousins, nieces and nephews(外甥/侄子) all living on the same street. They regularly get together for Sunday dinner. Parents tolerance is another factor. Spanish parents accept late-night partying and are wary of setting bedtime rules. "A child can arrive home at whatever time he wants. If parents complain hell put up a fight and call the father a fascist," said Jos6 Antonio Gomez Yanez , a sociologist at Carlos III University in Madrid. Mothers willingness to do childrens household chores(家务) worsens the problem. Dionisio Masso, a 60-year-old in Madrid, has three children in their 20s. The eldest, 28, has a girlfriend and a job. But life with mum is good. "His mum does the wash and cooks for him; in the end, he lives well," Masso said.The "Youth Emancipation" programme aims at helping young people Alive in an independent wayBfight for freedomCfight against social injusticeDget rid of family responsibilities 5.B第二篇/BB Surprised by a Miracle/B I had been working in the trauma unit at a local hospital for about a year. You get used to families thinking that a "coma"(昏迷) patient is moving their hand or doing something that they were asked to do. "Following commands" is what we call it. Often its "wishful thinking" on the families part. Nurses can easily become callous(麻木不仁的) to it. On this particular night during visiting hours, my patients wife came in. I had taken care of him for several nights. I was very familiar with his care and what he was able to do. Actually, he didnt do anything. He barely moved at all, even when something would obviously hurt him, such as suctioning(抽吸). His wife was very short, about 5 feet tall. She had to stand on a stool to lean over him, so that she could see his face and talk to him. She climbed up on the stool. I spoke to her for a few minutes, and then stepped out to tend to my other patient. A few minutes later, she came running out of the room. In an excited voice, she said, "Donna, hes moving his hand!" I immediately thought that it was probably her imagination, and that he had not actually done it on purpose. He had been there about a month at the time and had never made any movements on purpose. I asked her what had happened and she said, "I asked him to squeeze my hand and he did!" This led me to another train of questioning. "But, did he let go when you asked him to " She said yes, that he had done exactly what she asked. I went into the room with her, not really believing that I would see anything different than I had always seen. But I decided that it would be better to pacify(抚慰) her than to make her think that I didnt believe her or that she was somehow mistaken. She asked him to squeeze her hand, which he did. I said, "Well, ask him to let go." He continued to squeeze for a moment, so that when he finally did let go, I really still didnt believe that he had done it on purpose. So, I said," Ask him to hold up one finger." He did as asked. Well, hmm, this was starting to get my attention. I looked at him, his face still somewhat swollen (肿胀的) and his eyes still closed. "Stick out your tongue!" I said. He did it. I almost fell on the floor. It was the first time I had ever seen anyone "wake up."The first paragraph indicates that more often than not a coma patient Ais found to be following commandsBis callous to nurses commandsCis thought to be following commandsDis used to following commands 6. 下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。 B Middle Age: A Low Point for Most/B People around the globe hit the height of their misery and depression inU (51) /Uage, a new international study suggests. The finding by British and American researchers was based on an analysis of well-being among approximately 2 million people in 80 nations. With few exceptions, the observation appears to apply across the board, regardlessU (52) /Ugender (性别), culture, geography, wealth, job history, education, and marriage or parental status. "The scientific fact seems to be that happiness and positive mental health follow a giant U U (53) /Uthrough life," said study author Andrew J. Oswald, a professor of economics at Warwick University in Warwickshire, England. "For the average person, its high when youre 20, and then it slowly falls and bottoms outU (54) /Uyour 40s. But the good news is that yourU (55) /Uhealth picks up again, and eventually gets back to the high levels of our youth."The finding was U (56) /Uon the pooling of several different sources of happiness data,including: two multi-decade happiness/satisfaction surveys (first launched in the 1970s), involving about 500,000 American and Western European men and women; four rounds of the 80-nation "World Values Survey"U (57) /Ubetween 1981 and 2004 in North America, Eastern and Western Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and Central and South America; and a 2004-2007 surveyU (58) /Unearly 1 million Britons. The bottom-line: For most people throughout the world, the highest probability for depression striking is around 44 years ofU (59) /U. In the United States, however, some as-yet unexplainedU (60) /Udifference