2022贵州职称英语考试模拟卷（4）.docx

2022贵州职称英语考试模拟卷（4）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.B第二篇/B We all age at different rates. Heredity clearly plays an important part. But recent research studies by gerontologists indicate that life-style may be equally significant in determining who will remain youthful. As a rule, single men and women have shorter lives than married men and women. Studies show that those who have been widowed, especially men, have a longer life expectancy if they remarry soon. Both men and women seem to have a greater resistance to disease and death when their marriage is undamaged. According to a 1960 study, women who have borne three children have the lowest mortality rates. Those who have borne four or more have the highest. Childless women and those with only one child generally dont live as long as mother of two or three, according to University of Chicago sociologists Evenly M. Kitagawa and Philip M. Hauser. Its impossible to say how much sleep is ideal. Some people thrive on five hours a night, others seem to require eight or nine. Scientists agree that consistency in sleeping pattern is more significant; its better to get six hours sleep every night than ten hours one night and three the next. While its true that very few people who enjoy a long life are fat, this does not mean that every pound you gain is going to shorten your life. In fact, an ongoing study in Framingham, Mass. , has showed that during at least 30 years of middle life, leanness was a higher factor for mortality than fatness! What is known is that weight extremes in either direction are definitely unhealthy. Weighing 20 percent more or less than you should weigh can, in certain cases, be a life shortener. The benefits of regular exercise are indisputable. Men engaged in energetic and persistent physical labor have fewer heart attacks. But many researchers believe that exercise need not be very strong to keep you in shape. The first principle of any life-extension program, then, is to enjoy every moment of the life you havewhether it lasts one more year or a hundred. As the philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau put it: "Teach him to live rather than to avoid death. Life is not breath but action, the use of our senses, mind, faculties, every part of ourselves which makes us conscious of our being. " What are the main factors that determine different rates of aging AOptimistic ways of life.BA family with three children.CA regular sleep pattern.DHeredity and life-style. 2.B第三篇/B Without regular supplies of some hormones our capacity to behave would be seriously impaired; without others we would soon die. Tiny amounts of some hormones can modify our moods and our action, our inclination to eat or drink, our aggressiveness or submissiveness, and our reproductive and parental behavior. And hormones do more than influence adult behavior; early in life they help to determine the development of bodily form and may even determine an individuals behavioral capacities. Later in life the changing outputs of some endocrine glands and the bodys changing sensitivity to some hormones are essential aspects of the phenomena of aging. Communication within the body and the consequent integration of behavior were considered the exclusive province of the nervous system up to the beginning of the present century. The emergence of endocrinology as a separate discipline can probable be traced to the experiments of Bayliss and Starling on the hormone secretion. This substance is secreted from cells in the intestinal walls when food enters the stomach; it travels through the bloodstream and stimulates the pancreas to liberate pancreatic juice, which aids in digestion. By showing that special cells secrete chemical agents that are conveyed by the bloodstream and regulate distant target organs or tissues, Bayliss and Starling demonstrated that chemical integration can occur without participation of the nervous system. The term "hormone" was first used with reference to secretion. Starling derived the term from the Greek hormone, meaning "to excited or set in motion." The term "endocrine" was introduced shortly thereafter, "Endocrine" is used to refer to glands that secrete products into the bloodstream. The term "endocrine" contrasts with "exocrine" which is applied to glands that secrete their products through ducts to the site of action. Examples of exocrine glands are the tear glands, the sweat glands, and the pancreas, which secretes pancreatic juice through a duct into intestine. Exocrine glands are also called duct glands, while endocrine glands are called ductless. The word "submissiveness" in Para. 1, sentence 3 is closest in meaning to_. AservitudeBdocilityCsublimityDsubordination 3.B第一篇/B I had been working in the trauma unit at a local hospital for about a year. You get used to families thinking that a "coma" patient is moving their hand or doing something that they were asked to do. "Following commands" is what we call it. Often its "wishful thinking" on the families part. Nurses can easily become callous to it. On this particular night during visiting hours, my patients wife came in. I had taken care of him for severam nights. I was very familiar with his care and what he was able to do. Actually, he didnt do anything. He barely moved at all, even when something would obviously hurt him, such as suctioning. His wife was very short, about 5 feet tall. She had to stand on a stool to lean over him, so that she could see his face and talk to him. She climbed up on the stool. I spoke to her for a few minutes, and then stepped out to tend to my other patient. A few minutes later, she came running out of the room. In an excited voice, she said, "Donna, hes moving his hand!" I immediately thought that it was probably her imagination, and that he had not actually done it on purpose. He had been there about a month at the time and had never made any movements on purpose. I asked her what had happened and she said, "I asked him to squeeze my hand and he did !" This led me to another train of questioning. "But, did he let go when you asked him to " She said yes, that he had done exactly what she asked. I went into the room with her, not really believing that I would see anything different than I had always seen. But I decided that it would be better to pacify her than to make her think I didnt believe her or that she was somehow mistaken. She asked him to squeeze her hand, which he did. I said, "Well, ask him to let go." He continued to squeeze for a moment, so that when he finally did let go, I really still didnt believe that he had done it on Purpose. So, I said, "Ask him to hold up one finger." He did as asked. Well, hmm, this was starting to get my attention. I looked at him, his face still somewhat swollen and his eyes still closed. "Stick out your tongue!" I said. He did it. I almost fell on the floor. It was the first time I had ever seen anyone "wake up. " How did the author feel upon first hearing what the excited wife said AShe was amused.BShe was doubtful.CShe was scared.DShe was shocked. 4. Antibiotic resistance doesnt just make pathogens(病原体) difficult to treat, It also makes them harder to track Traditionally, epidemiologists(流行病专家)following the paths of disease-causing microbes have identified their suspects by features of bacterial polysaccharide(多糖) coats, susceptibility to different antibiotics, or other schemes But these tracking techniques "are losing their relevance (相关性,实用性), "says Alexander Tomasz, a microbiologist at Rockefeller University in New York City. With the increase in drug resistance, a variety of resistant microbes can now wear the same coat or be resistant to the same drugs, making it harder and harder to keep tabs on individual strains (菌株). Epidemiologists, therefore, are increasingly turning to more precise molecular typing techniques, such as DNA fingerprinting, to distinguish resistant strains. DNA typing tools are, of course, not new. Indeed, some DNA-based methods, such as comparing plasmids (质体)(small rings of DNA outside the chromosomes 染色体), have been used by epidemiologists to track infections since the 1970s. but since plasmid DNA is transferred easily and often between different strains, that technique too has its limitations. More recent techniques use restriction enzymes to cut apart entire bacterial chromosomes into strain-specific fragment patterns, Another method uses specific radiolabeled (放射标汇的) DNA probes, in a technique known as Southern hybridization(杂交), to test for the presence of a particular drug-resistance gene in a bacterial strain. "Such tools give epidemiologists, unprecedented resolving power for identifying reservoirs and transition routes of genes and pathogens, "says Tomasz. That has helped researchers track a number of drug-resistant clones as they travel vast distances. Such tracking methods also "help us learn about the mechanism of resistance, "says CDC(疾病控制和预防中心) epidemiologist Robert Breiman. Resistance grows, he explains, either as one resistant organism spreads from one location to the nextas in the Brazilian MRSA(耐甲氧苯青素金黄色葡萄球菌)or as different strains and even species of microbes share the genes responsible for drug resistance, as a series of studies of vancomycin(万古霉素) resistance recently demonstrated. That knowledge also helps public health officials combat the spread. If resistance spreads "horizontallyas a microbe increases its range, Breiman says its important to focus prevention efforts on minimizing person-to-person spread in hospitals and day-care centers. If, however, resistance genes are jumping between organisms, that suggests that overly aggressive antibiotic treatment is encouraging nonresistant bugs to acquire new genes. "In such cases, the focus needs to be on controlling anti-microbial use, "says Breiman. The hoped-for result: fewer infections to track. According to Alexander Tomasz, the traditional tracking techniques are turning out to be efficient. AA. RightBB. WrongCC. Not mentioned 5. Three basic pathophysiologic mechanisms lead to virtually all the clinical disease states involving endocrine glands: (46) the excessive hormone production and action and neoplasa. Deficiency of hormone action is most commonly caused by an abnormally low level of biologically active hormone reaching target tissues. (47) Endocrine gland hypofunciton may be congenital, caused by a complete failure of gland development, a mutant gene-encoding the structure of hormone or an enzyme responsible for hormone biosythesis. (48) replacement by tumor, surgical extirpation, effects of pharmacologic or environmental agents, or inflammation. Other causes of decreased hormone action in target tissues are encountered less frequently. Deranged physiologic control of pituitary gland function causes secondary glandular failure, which can be either congenital or acquired (49) Defective postsecretory hormone activation or accelerated hormone metabolism may result in abnormally low hormone activity. Hormonal deficiency states, despite normal or even elevated concentrations of biologically active hormone in the circulation, may be due to target-tissue resistance. (50) This failure of target tissue responsiveness may be due to an abnormality of hormone receptors or in post-binding signaling of the hormone-receptor interaction. A. Deficiency of hormone action on target tissues. B. Improvement of hormone release may result in glandular hypofunction. C. Functional endocrine tumors secrete a hormonal product. D. Inadequate hormone production may occur as a result of primary gland failure. E. Resistance can be congenital or acquired F. Endocrine gland failure may also be acquired as a consequence of physiologic atrophy. 6.B第三篇/B Without regular supplies of some hormones our capacity to behave would be seriously impaired; without others we would soon die. Tiny amounts of some hormones can modify our moods and our action, our inclination to eat or drink, our aggressiveness or submissiveness, and our reproductive and parental behavior. And hormones do more than influence adult behavior; early in life they help to determine the development of bodily form and may even determine an individuals behavioral capacities. Later in life the changing outputs of some endocrine glands and the bodys changing sensitivity to some hormones are essential aspects of the phenomena of aging. Communication within the body and the consequent integration of behavior were considered the exclusive province of the nervous system up to the beginning of the present century. The emergence of endocrinology as a separate discipline can probable be traced to the experiments of Bayliss and Starling on the hormone secretion. This substance is secreted from cells in the intestinal walls when food enters the stomach; it travels through the bloodstream and stimulates the pancreas to liberate pancreatic juice, which aids in digestion. By showing that special cells secrete chemical agents that are conveyed by the bloodstream and regulate distant target organs or tissues, Bayliss and Starling demonstrated that chemical integration can occur without participation of the nervous system. The term "hormone" was first used with reference to secretion. Starling derived the term from the Greek hormone, meaning "to excited or set in motion." The term "endocrine" was introduced shortly thereafter, "Endocrine" is used to refer to glands that secrete products into the bloodstream. The term "endocrine" contrasts with "exocrine" which is applied to glands that secrete their products through ducts to the site of action. Examples of exocrine glands are the tear glands, the sweat glands, and the pancreas, which secretes pancreatic juice through a duct into intestine. Exocrine glands are also called duct glands, while endocrine glands are called ductless. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an effect of hormones AModification of behaviorBSensitivity to hunger and thirstCAggressive feelingsDMaintenance of blood pressure 7. Hypertension is the medical term for persistent and sustained high blood pressure. It is one of the most U (51) /U forms of heart disease. An understanding of blood pressure in U (52) /U, healthy individuals is necessary in order to understand hypertension. Blood pressure is simply the force U (53) /U against the walls of the bodys arteries (血管) as blood flows through. The force, produced primarily by the pumping U (54) /U of the