2022年浙江GRE考试真题卷（5）.docx

2022年浙江GRE考试真题卷（5）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Listening 7 "Bookstore"What does the man need from the bookstoreA. A schedule of classes for next termB. A form to order booksC. Specific books for his classesD. Information about employment2. Holmes and Rahe (1967) developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure life change as a form of stress. The scale assigns numerical values to 43 major life events that are supposed to reflect the magnitude of the readjustment required by each change. In responding to the scale, respondents are asked to indicate how often they experienced any of these 43 events during a certain time period (typically, the past year). The person then adds up the numbers associated with each event checked. The SRRS and similar scales have been used in thousands of studies by researchers all over the world. Overall, these studies have shown that people with higher scores on the SRRS tend to be more vulnerable to many kinds of physical illnessand many types of psychological problems as well (Derogatis Coons, 1993; Gruen, 1993; Scully, Tosi Banning, 2000). More recently, however, experts have criticized this research, citing problems with the methods used and raising questions about the meaning of the findings (Critelli Ee, 1996; Monroe McQuaid, 1994; Wethington, 2000). First, the assumption that the SRRS measures change exclusively has been shown to be inaccurate. We now have ample evidence that the desirability of events affects adaptational outcomes more than the amount of change that they require (Turner Wheaton, 1995). Thus, it seems prudent to view the SRRS as a measure of diverse forms of stress, rather than as a measure of change-related stress (McLean Link, 1994). Second, the SRRS fails to take into account differences among people in their subjective perception of how stressful an event is. For instance, while divorce may deserve a stress value of 73 for most people, a particular persons divorce might generate much less stress and merit a value of only 25. Third, many of the events listed on the SRRS and similar scales are highly ambiguous, leading people to be inconsistent as to which events they report experiencing (Monroe McQuaid, 1994). For instance, what qualifies as "trouble with the boss" Should you check that because youre sick and tired of your supervisor What constitutes a "change in living conditions" Does your purchase of a great new sound system qualify As you can see, the SRRS includes many "events" that are described inadequately, producing considerable ambiguity about the meaning of ones response. Problems in recalling events over a period of a year also lead to inconsistent responding on stress scales, thus lowering their reliability (Klein Rubovits, 1987). Fourth, the SRRS does not sample from the domain of stressful events very thoroughly. Do the 43 events listed on the SRRS exhaust all the major stresses that people typically experience Studies designed to explore that question have found many significant omissions (Dohrenwend et al., 1993; Wheaton, 1994). Fifth, the correlation between SRRS scores and health outcomes may be inflated because subjects neuroticism affects both their responses to stress scales and their self-reports of health problems. Neurotic individuals have a tendency to recall more stress than others and to recall more symptoms of illness than others (Watson, David, Suls, 1999). These tendencies mean that some of the correlation between high stress and high illness may simply reflect the effects of subjects neuroticism (Critelli Ee, 1996). The possible contami- nating effects of neuroticism obscure the meaning of scores on the SRRS and similar measures of stress. The Life Experiences Survey In the light of these problems, a number of researchers have attempted to develop improved versions of the SRRS. For example, the Life Experiences Survey (LES), assembled by Irwin Sarason and colleagues (1978), has become a widely used measure of stress in contemporary research (for examples see Ames et al., 2001; Denisoff Endler, 2000; Malefo, 2000). The LES revises and builds on the SRRS survey in a variety of ways that correct, at least in part, most of the problems just discussed. Specifically, the LES recognizes that stress involves more than mere change and asks respondents to indicate whether events had a positive or negative impact on them. This strategy permits the computation of positive change, negative change, and total change scores, which helps researchers gain much more insight into which facets of stress are most crucial. The LES also takes into consideration differences among people in their appraisal of stress, by dropping the normative weights and replacing them with personally assigned weightings of the impact of relevant events. Ambiguity in items is decreased by proA. They are ill more often, which affects their scores on the scale.B. Their self-reporting on the scale is affected by their neuroses.C. They tend to suffer more stress than people without neuroses.D. Their response to stress will probably not be recorded on the scale.3.Listening 8 "Environmental Science Class"What is this lecture mainly aboutA. An overview of fuel cell technologyB. A process for producing fuel cellsC. A comparison of fuel cell modelsD. Some problems in fuel cell distribution4. Mammals and birds generally maintain body temperature within a narrow range (36-38 for most mammals and 39-42 for most birds) that is usually considerably warmer than the environment. Because heat always flows from a warm object to cooler surroundings, birds and mammals must counteract the constant heat loss. This maintenance of warm body temperature depends on several key adaptations. The most basic mechanism is the high metabolic rate of endothermy itself. Endotherms can produce large amounts of metabolic heat that replace the flow of heat to the environment, and they can vary heat production to match changing rates of heat loss. Heat production is increased by such muscle activity as moving or shivering. In some mammals, certain hormones can cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity and produce heat instead of ATP. This nonshivering thermogenesis (NST)The word regulate in the passage is closest in meaning toA. protectB. createC. reduceD. control5.Historical BackgroundIn paragraph 4, the author suggests that Beowulf was discovered in theA. first centuryB. ninth centuryC. eleventh centuryD. seventeenth century6.Listening 9 "Philosophy Class"What is the main focus of this discussionA. The RenaissanceB. Important scholarsC. HumanismD. Political reform7.Listening 8 "Environmental Science Class"What does the professor mean when he says this:A. He wants the students to take notes.B. He would like the students to participate.C. He is impressed with these options.D. He does not plan to talk about the alternatives.8. Holmes and Rahe (1967) developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure life change as a form of stress. The scale assigns numerical values to 43 major life events that are supposed to reflect the magnitude of the readjustment required by each change. In responding to the scale, respondents are asked to indicate how often they experienced any of these 43 events during a certain time period (typically, the past year). The person then adds up the numbers associated with each event checked. The SRRS and similar scales have been used in thousands of studies by researchers all over the world. Overall, these studies have shown that people with higher scores on the SRRS tend to be more vulnerable to many kinds of physical illnessand many types of psychological problems as well (Derogatis Coons, 1993; Gruen, 1993; Scully, Tosi Banning, 2000). More recently, however, experts have criticized this research, citing problems with the methods used and raising questions about the meaning of the findings (Critelli Ee, 1996; Monroe McQuaid, 1994; Wethington, 2000). First, the assumption that the SRRS measures change exclusively has been shown to be inaccurate. We now have ample evidence that the desirability of events affects adaptational outcomes more than the amount of change that they require (Turner Wheaton, 1995). Thus, it seems prudent to view the SRRS as a measure of diverse forms of stress, rather than as a measure of change-related stress (McLean Link, 1994). Second, the SRRS fails to take into account differences among people in their subjective perception of how stressful an event is. For instance, while divorce may deserve a stress value of 73 for most people, a particular persons divorce might generate much less stress and merit a value of only 25. Third, many of the events listed on the SRRS and similar scales are highly ambiguous, leading people to be inconsistent as to which events they report experiencing (Monroe McQuaid, 1994). For instance, what qualifies as "trouble with the boss" Should you check that because youre sick and tired of your supervisor What constitutes a "change in living conditions" Does your purchase of a great new sound system qualify As you can see, the SRRS includes many "events" that are described inadequately, producing considerable ambiguity about the meaning of ones response. Problems in recalling events over a period of a year also lead to inconsistent responding on stress scales, thus lowering their reliability (Klein Rubovits, 1987). Fourth, the SRRS does not sample from the domain of stressful events very thoroughly. Do the 43 events listed on the SRRS exhaust all the major stresses that people typically experience Studies designed to explore that question have found many significant omissions (Dohrenwend et al., 1993; Wheaton, 1994). Fifth, the correlation between SRRS scores and health outcomes may be inflated because subjects neuroticism affects both their responses to stress scales and their self-reports of health problems. Neurotic individuals have a tendency to recall more stress than others and to recall more symptoms of illness than others (Watson, David, Suls, 1999). These tendencies mean that some of the correlation between high stress and high illness may simply reflect the effects of subjects neuroticism (Critelli Ee, 1996). The possible contami- nating effects of neuroticism obscure the meaning of scores on the SRRS and similar measures of stress. The Life Experiences Survey In the light of these problems, a number of researchers have attempted to develop improved versions of the SRRS. For example, the Life Experiences Survey (LES), assembled by Irwin Sarason and colleagues (1978), has become a widely used measure of stress in contemporary research (for examples see Ames et al., 2001; Denisoff Endler, 2000; Malefo, 2000). The LES revises and builds on the SRRS survey in a variety of ways that correct, at least in part, most of the problems just discussed. Specifically, the LES recognizes that stress involves more than mere change and asks respondents to indicate whether events had a positive or negative impact on them. This strategy permits the computation of positive change, negative change, and total change scores, which helps researchers gain much more insight into which facets of stress are most crucial. The LES also takes into consideration differences among people in their appraisal of stress, by dropping the normative weights and replacing them with personally assigned weightings of the impact of relevant events. Ambiguity in items is decreased by proA. announcedB. influencedC. arrangedD. distributed9. Mammals and birds generally maintain body temperature within a narrow range (36-38 for most mammals and 39-42 for most birds) that is usually considerably warmer than the environment. Because heat always flows from a warm object to cooler surroundings, birds and mammals must counteract the constant heat loss. This maintenance of warm body temperature depends on several key adaptations. The most basic mechanism is the high metabolic rate of endothermy itself. Endotherms can produce large amounts of metabolic heat that replace the flow of heat to the environment, and they can vary heat production to match changing rates of heat loss. Heat production is increased by such muscle activity as moving or shivering. In some mammals, certain hormones can cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity and produce heat instead of ATP. This nonshivering thermogenesis (NST)According to paragraph 3, why do many marine animals require a layer of blubberA. Because marine animals have lost their hair during evolutionB. Because heat is lost in water twice as fast as it is in airC. Because dry hair does not insulate marine animalsD. Because they are so large that they require more insulation10.Historical BackgroundWhy does the author of this passage use the word "apparently" in paragraph 5A. He is not certain that the author of Beowulf was a Christian.B. He is mentioning facts that are obvious to the readers.C. He is giving an example from a historical reference.D. He is introducing evidence about the author of Beowulf.11.Listening 9 "Philosophy Class"Why does the professor say this:A. She thinks that the spelling of the term is not important.B. She assumes that the students know how to spell the term.C. She knows that the term can be found in the textbook.D. She does not want to spend time explaining the term.12.Listening 8 "Environmental Science Class"Why does the professor mention the STEP program in AustraliaA. He has personal experience in this project.B. He is referring to information from a previous discussion.C. He is comparing it to a successful program in Japan.D. He thinks it is a very good example of a project.13. Mammals and birds generally maintain body temperature within a narrow range (36-38 for most mammals and 39-42 for most birds) that is usually considerably warmer than the environment. Because heat always flows from a warm object to cooler surroundings, birds and mammals must counteract the constant heat loss. This maintenance of warm body temperature depends on several key adaptations. The most basic mechanism is the high metabolic rate of endothermy itself. Endotherms can produce large amounts of metabolic heat that replace the flow of heat to the environment, and they can vary heat production to match changing rates of heat loss. Heat production is increased by such muscle activity as moving or shivering. In some mammals, certain hormones can cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity and produce heat instead of ATP. This nonshivering thermogenesis (NST)The word those in the passage refers toA. marine animalsB. core temperaturesC. land mammalsD. metabolic rates1