2022安徽职称英语考试真题卷（1）.docx

2022安徽职称英语考试真题卷（1）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Almost Human 2.Saving Money 3.Interview 4.Pushbike Danger 5.Almost Human 6.Influenza 7.Saving Money 8.Pushbike Danger 9.Interview 10.Almost Human 11.Influenza 12.Saving Money 13.Interview 14.Influenza 15.Pushbike Danger 16.Almost Human 17.Interview 18.Influenza 19.Influenza 20.Influenza 21.Influenza 22.Influenza 23.Influenza 24.Influenza 25.Influenza 26.Influenza 27.Influenza 28. 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选B；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请选C。 B Winners and Losers/B Why are the biggest winners in the past decade of trade globalization mostly in South and East Asia, whereas the biggest losers are mostly in the former Soviet bloc (集团) and sub-Saharan Africa History is a partial guide: East Asia has a long trading tradition, lately reinvigorated (给以新的活力) by the Chinese adoption of market economics. The Soviet Union, on the other hand, was sheltered from free-market forces for more than 70 years. In Africa, some countries are disadvantaged because of inadequate infrastructure (基础结构); many countries have little to trade but commodities, the prices of which have fallen in recent years. In some regions, certain countries have suffered by adopting misguided policies, often under pressure from International Monetary Fund. First among these is Russia, which in the early 1990s tried to embrace capitalism before first building the institutions that make capitalism work, such as an independent bank system, a system of business law, and an adequate method for collecting taxes. Encouraged by the 4MF, the World Bank and the U.S. Department of the Treasury, President Boris Yeltsins regime privatized the state-owned industrial sector, creating a class of oligarchs (寡头政治集团成员 ), who, knowing how unstable conditions were at home, sent their money abroad instead of investing it at home. In contrast, China, the biggest winner from globalization, did not follow the IMF formula. Of the former states of the Soviet bloc, only a few, notably Poland and Hungary, managed to grew, which they did by ignoring IMF advice and adopting expansionary plans, including spending more than they collected in taxes. Botswana and Uganda are also success stories: despite their disadvantages, their countries achieved vigorous growth by creating stable civil societies, liberalizing trade and implementing reforms that ran counter to IMF prescriptions.Japan has a long trading tradition. AA. RightBB. WrongCC. Not mentioned 29. 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项。请根据文章的内容，从每题所给的4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。 B第一篇/BB Technology Transfer in Germany/B When it comes to translating basic research into industrial success, few nations can match Germany. Since the 1940s, the nations vast industrial base has been fed with a constant stream of new ideas and expertise from science. And though German prosperity (繁荣) has faltered (衰退) over the past decade because of the huge cost of unifying east and west as well as the global economic decline, it still has an enviable record for turning ideas into profit. Much of the reason for that success is the Fraunhofer Society, a network of research institutes that exists solely to solve industrial problems and create sought-after technologies. But today the Fraunhofer institutes have competition. Universities are taking an ever larger role in technology transfer, and technology parks are springing up all over. These efforts are being complemented by the federal programmes for pumping money into start-up companies. Such a strategy may sound like a recipe for economic success, but it is not without its critics. These people worry that favouring applied research will mean neglecting basic Science, eventually starving industry of fresh ideas. If every scientist starts thinking like an entrepreneur(企业家), the argument goes, then the traditional principles of university research being curiosity-driven, free and widely available will suffer. Others claim that many of the programmes to promote technology transfer are a waste of money because half the small businesses that are promoted are bound to go bankrupt within a few years. While this debate continues, new ideas flow at a steady rate from Germanys research networks, which bear famous names such as Helmholtz, Max Planck and Leibniz. Yet it is the fourth network, the Fraunhofer Society, that plays the greatest role in technology transfer. Founded in 1949, the Fraunhofer Society is now Europes largest organisation for applied technology, and has 59 institutes employing 12, 000 people. It continues to grow. Last year, it swallowed up the Heinrich Hertz Institute for Communication Technology in Berlin. Today, there are even Fraunhofers in the US and Asia.What factor can be attributed to German prosperity ATechnology transfer.BGood management.CHard work.DFierce competition. 30.B第三篇/BB Eat More, Weigh Less, Live Longer/B Clever genetic detective work may have found out the reason why a near-starvation diet prolongs the life of many animals. Ronald Kahn at Harvard Medical School in Boston, US, and his colleagues have been able to extend the lifespan (寿命) of mice by 18 per cent by blocking the rodents (啮齿动物) increase of fat in specific cells. This suggests that thinnessand not necessarily dietpromotes long life in "calorie (热量卡) restricted" animals. "Its very coal work," says aging researcher Cynthia Kenyon of the University of California, San Francisco. "These mice eat all they want, lose weight and live longer. Its like heaven." Calorie restriction .dramatically extends the lifespan of organisms as different as worms and rodents. Whether this works in humans is still unknown, partly because few people are willing to submit to such a strict diet. But many researchers hope they will be able to trigger the same effect with a drug once they understand how less .food leads to a longer life. One theory is that eating less reduces the increase of harmful things that can damage cells. But kahns team wondered whether the animals simply benefit by becoming thin: To find out, they used biology tricks to disrupt the insulin (胰岛素) receptor (受体) gene in lab micebut only in their fat cells. "Since insulin is needed to help fat cells store fat, these animals were protected against becoming fat," explains Kahn. This slight genetic change in a single tissue had dramatic effects. By three months of age, Kahns modified mice had up to 70 per cent less body fat than normal control mice, despite the fact that they ate 55 per cent more food per gram of body weight. In addition, their lifespan increased. The average control mouse lived 753 days, while the thin rodents averaged a lifespan of 887 days. After three years, all the control mice had died, but one-quarter of the modified rodents were still alive. "That they get these effects by just manipulating the fat cells is controversial," says Leonard Guarente of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who studies calorie restriction and aging. But Guarente says Kahn has yet to prove that the same effect is responsible for increased lifespan in calorie-restricted animals. "It might be the same effect or there might be two routes to long life," he points out, "and that would be very interesting."Ronald Kahn and his colleagues can make mice live longer by Aoffering them less food.Bgiving them a balanced diet.Cdisrupting the specific genes in their fat cells.Dpreventing them growing larger. 31.B第二篇/BB Star Quality/B A new anti-cheating system for counting the judges scores in ice skating is flawed, according to leading sports specialists. Ice skatings governing body announced the new rules last week after concerns that a judge at the Winter Olympics may have been unfairly influenced. Initially the judges in the pairs figure-skating event at the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City voted 5 to 4 to give the gold medal to a Russian pair, even though they had a fall during their routine. But the International Skating Union suspended the French judge for failing to reveal that she had been put under pressure to vote for the Russians. The International Olympics Committee then decided to give a second gold to the Canadian runners-up (亚军). The ISU, skatings governing body, now says it intends to change the rules. In future 14 judges will judge each event, but only 7 of their scoresselected at randomwill count. The ISU wont finally approve the new system until it meets in June but already UK Sport, the British Governments sports body, has expressed reservations. "1 remain to be convinced that the random selection system would offer the guarantees that everyone concerned with ethical sport is looking for", says Jerry Bingham, UK Sports head of ethics (伦理). A random system can still be manipulated, says Mark Dixon, a specialist on sports statistics from the Royal Statistical Society in London. "The score of one or two judges who have been hobbled (受到贿赂) may still be in the seven selected." Many ether sports that have judges, including diving, gymnastics, and synchronized swimming, have a system that discards the highest and lowest scores; If a judge was under pressure to favour a particular team, they would tend to give it very high scores and mark down the opposition team, so their scores wouldnt count. It works for diving, says Jeff Cook, a member of the international government bodys technical committee. "If you remove those at the top and bottom youre left with those in the middle, so youre getting a reasonable average." Since the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, diving has tightened up in its system still further. Two separate panels of judges score different rounds of diving during top competitions. Neither panel knows the scores given by the other. "We have clone this to head off any suggestion of bias," says Cook. Bingham urged the ISU to consider other options. "This should involve examining the way in which other sports deal with the problem of adjudicating (裁定) on matter of style and presentation," he says.Who won the gold medal in the pairs figure-skating event AThe Russian pair.BThe Canadian pair.CBoth the Russian pair and the Canadian pair.DThe French pair. 32. 阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从 4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。 B Less Is More/B It sounds all wrongdrilling holes in a piece of wood to make it more resistant to knocks. But it works because the energy from the blow gets distributed throughout the wood rather than focusing on one weak spot. The discovery should lead to more effective and lighter packaging materials. Carpenters have knownU (51) /Ucenturies that some woods are tougher than others. Hickory (山核桃木), for example, was turned into axe handles and cartwheel spokes (轮辐) because it can absorb shocks without breaking. White oak, for example, is much more easily damaged,U (52) /Uit is almost as dense. Julian Vincent at Bathe University and his team were convinced the woods internal structure could explain the differences. Many trees have tubular (管的) vessels that runU (53) /Uthe trunk and carry water to the leaves. In oak they are large, and arranged in narrow bands, but in hickory they are smaller, and more evenly distributed. The researchersU (54) /Uthis layout might distribute a blows energy throughout the wood, soaking up a bigger hit. To test the idea, they drilled holes 0.65 millimetres across into a block of spruce (云杉), a wood withU (55) /Uvessels, and found thatU (56) /Uwithstood a harder knock.U (57) /Uwhen there were more than about 30 holes per square centimetre did the woods performance drop off. A uniform substance doesnt cope well with knocks because only a small proportion of the material is actuallyU (58) /U. All the energy from the blow goes towards breaking the material in one or two places, but often the pieces leftU (59) /Uare pristine (未经破坏的). But instead of the energy being concentrated in one place, the holes provide many weak spots that all absorb energy as they break, says Vincent. "You are controlling the placesU (60) /Uthe wood breaks, and it can then absorb moreU (61) /U, more safely." The researchers believe the principle could be applied to any materialU (62) /Uexample, to manufacture lighter and more protective packaging. It couldU (63) /Ube used in car bumpers, crash barriers and armour for military vehicles, says Ulrike Wegst,U (64) /Uthe Max Plank Institute for Mental Research in Stuttgart. But she emphasizes that youU (65) /Uto design the substance with the direction of force in mind. "The direction of loading is crucial," she says. AinBsinceCforDat 33.B第三篇/BB Eat More, Weigh Less, Live Longer/B Clever genetic detective work may have found out the reason why a near-starvation diet prolongs the life of many animals. Ronald Kahn at Harvard Medical School in Boston, US, and his colleagues have been able to extend the lifespan (寿命) of mice by 18 per cent by blocking the rodents (啮齿动物) increase of fat in specific cells. This suggests that thinnessand not necessarily dietpromotes long life in "calorie (热量卡) restricted" animals. "Its very coal work," says aging researcher Cynthia Kenyon of the University of California, San Francisco. "These mice eat all they want, lose weight and live longer. Its like heaven." Calorie restriction .dramatically extends the lifespan of organisms as different as worms and rodents. Whether this works in humans is still unknown, partly because few people are willing to submit to such a strict diet. But many researchers hope they will be able to trigger the same effect with a drug once they understand how less .food leads to a longer life. One theory is that eating less reduces the increase of harmful things that can damage cells. But kahns team wondered whether the animals simply benefit by becoming thin: To find out, they used biology tricks to disrupt the insulin (胰岛素) receptor (受体) gen