阅读理解主旨大意课件.ppt

As is known to us, testing the reading ability of the students is the most important purpose in the college entrance examination. The problems designed in the papers relate to the testing of the abilities of inferring, getting the main idea of a passage, guessing the meaning of a word/phrase, telling different statements, deciding the authors attitude/purpose, and so on. And how to get the main idea of a passage, some students say, is no easy task. Do you agree with them?” YesNo2012年江苏省高考考试大纲说明阅读：阅读： 要求考生读懂简易的英语文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。考生应能：（1）理解语篇主旨要义；（2）理解文中具体信息;（3）根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义；（4）根据文中事实和线索作出简单的判断和推理；（5）理解文章的宏观结构和文脉逻辑关系；（6）根据作者的观点、意图和态度；（7）根据所读，用恰当的词语补全文章提纲、概括 主要内容或作关键词词语转换。阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类主旨题主旨题标题类（标题类（ topic or title ）文章主旨文章主旨(main idea of the article)段落主旨段落主旨(main idea of the paragraph)1. 标题类试题常见的题干形式标题类试题常见的题干形式 (1) The best title for this passage is_. (2) What can be the the best title for the text? (3) that best expresses the idea of the passage is . (4) Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?(体现概括性体现概括性, 避免远离主题避免远离主题)2. 文章主旨类试题常见的题干形式文章主旨类试题常见的题干形式 (1) What does the passage mainly talk about? (2) The passage talks about _. (3) This passage mainly deals with_. (4) Whats the main idea / topic of the passage? (5) The text is mainly about_.(体现全面性体现全面性, 避免以偏概全避免以偏概全)3. 段落主旨类试题常见的题干形式段落主旨类试题常见的题干形式 (1) The main idea of the second paragraph probably is_. (2) What does Paragraph 5 mainly tell us about? (3) Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph 1? (4) Whats the main idea of paragraph 1?(体现针对性体现针对性, 避免张冠李戴避免张冠李戴) 解题解题技巧技巧技巧一技巧一: 识别文体识别文体技巧二技巧二: 找关联词找关联词技巧三技巧三: 抓线索抓线索技巧四技巧四: 找高频词找高频词技巧一：识别文体技巧一：识别文体广告的作用广告的作用议论文议论文 总总-分分-总总（论点论据结论）（论点论据结论）说明文说明文主题句主题句（首中尾）（首中尾）记叙文记叙文记叙文要素记叙文要素应用文应用文（广告）（广告）Eg.1 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it? （1.5分钟） 议论文议论文总总-分分-总总1.What is the main idea ?A. cigarette smoking can cause cancerB. smoking can cause the most serious and terrible disease (illness)C. smoking also can cause other health problemsD. smoking is harmful. DEg.2 Passage B(NMET2003) Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ). The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the childrens department. Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the childrens department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class. The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager. （3.5分钟）分钟）What is mainly discussed in the text? eg.2 Passage B(NMET2003) Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ). The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the childrens department. Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the childrens department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.Example and success of the program eg.2 Passage B(NMET2003) Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ). The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the childrens department. Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the childrens department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager.Example and success of the program2. What is mainly discussed in the text? A. Childrens reading difficulties. B. Advantages of raising dogs. C. Service in a public library. D. A special reading program. Eg.3 (江苏江苏 2011) （2.5分钟） 3.The purpose of this poster is to invite more people to_. A. raise money for the Friends organization B. join the Friends organization and be members of itC. work as managers for Pembroke shire National Park D. enjoy the landscape of Pembroke shire National Park Eg.4 (江苏 2011) We know the famous onesthe Thomas Edisons and the Alexander Graham Bells but what about the less famous inventors? What about the people who invented the traffic light and the windshield wiper(雨刮器)？Shouldnt we know who they are? Joan Mclean think so. In fact, Mclean, a professor of physics at Mountain University in Range, feels so strongly about this matter that shes developed a course on the topic. In addition to learning “who” invented “what”, however, Mclean also likes her students to learn the answers to the “why” and ”how” questions. According to Mclean,” When students learn the answers to these questions, they are better prepared to recognize opportunities for inventing and more motivated to give inventing a try.” So, just what is the story behind the windshield wiper? Well, Mary Anderson came up with the idea in 1902 after a visit to New York City. The day was cold and stormy, but Anderson still wanted to see the sights, so she jumped aboard a streetcar. Noticing that the driver was struggling to see through the snow covering the windshield, she found herself wondering why there couldnt be a built-in device for cleaning the window. Still wondering about this when she returned home to Birmingham, Alabama, Anderson started drafting out solutions. One of her ideas, a lever(操作杆)on the inside of a vehicle that would control an arm on the outside, became the first windshield wiper. Today we benefit from countless inventions and innovations，Its hard to imagine driving without Garrett A. Morgans traffic light. Its equally impossible to picture a world without Katherine J. Blodgetts innovation that makes glass invisible, Can you picture life without clear windows and eyeglasses? （4分钟） 4.Which of the following can best serve as the title of this passage? A. How to Help Students to Sell Their Inventions to Producers? B. How to Design a Built-in Device for Cleaning the Window? C. Shouldnt We Know Who Invented the Windshield Wiper? D. Shouldnt We Develop Invention Courses in Universities? c Eg.5 Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professi- -onal criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance（1分钟）分钟）（so, therefore, thus ,in conclusion, in short,all in all , overall, clearly, plainly, In fact）技巧二：技巧二： 找关联词找关联词技巧三技巧三: 从段落中从段落中归纳要点归纳要点抓大意，理清线索抓大意，理清线索. 有些文章或段落无明显的主题句有些文章或段落无明显的主题句, 只是暗示性地体现主只是暗示性地体现主题题. 这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实事实或提供的或提供的线索线索来概括总结主旨大意来概括总结主旨大意 eg.6 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.（2分钟）分钟） 6.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.detaildetaildetail技巧四技巧四: 从段落中从段落中寻找高频率词寻找高频率词 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即现的中心词，即高频词高频词，也叫做，也叫做主题词主题词Eg.7 Imagine，one day，getting out of bed in Beijing and being at your office in Shanghai in only a couple of hours，and then，after a full day of work，going back home to Beijing and having dinner there Sounds unusual，doesnt it? But its not that unrealistic，with the development of Chinas highspeed railway systemAnd thats not a11China has an even greater highspeed railway planto connect the country with Southeast Asia，and eventually Eastern Europe China is negotiating to extend its own high-speed railway network to up to 17 countries in 1 0 to 15 years，eventually reaching London and Singapore China has proposed three such projectsThe first would possibly connect Kunming withSingapore via Vietnam and MalaysiaAnother could start in Urumqi and go through Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan，and possibly to GermanyThe third would start in the northeast and go north through Russia and then into Western Europe If Chinas plan for the high-speed railway goes forward，people could zip over from London to Beiling in under two daysThe new system would still follow Chinas highspeed railway standardAnd the trains would be able to go 346 kilometers an hour，almost as fast as some airplanes Chinas bullet train(高速客车)，the one connecting Wuhan to Guangzhou，already has the Worlds fastest average speedIt covers 1,069 kilometers in about three hours Of course，there are some technical challenges to overcome There are so many issues that need to be settled，such as safety， rail gauge(轨距)，maintenance of railway tracksSo，its important to pay attention to every detail But the key issue is really moneyChina is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan on domestic railway expansion China prefers that the other countries pay in natural resources rather than with capital investment Resources from those countries could stream into China to sustain development It11 be a win-win project. For other countries，the railway network will definitely create more opportunities for business，tourism and so on，not to mention the better communication among those countnes For China，such a project would not only connect it with the rest of Asia and bring some much-needed (4.5分钟)7Which of the following might be the best title for the passage? ANew Railway Standards BBig Railway Dreams CHighspeed Bullet Trains DInternational Railway Network主旨要义题技巧主旨要义题技巧遵循遵循 四字原则四字原则:用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想要注意文章的内涵和外延要注意文章的内涵和外延, 把作者的把作者的观点准确地表达出来观点准确地表达出来. 要排除掉那些片面的选项要排除掉那些片面的选项, 选取包含文章的选取包含文章的主要内容及作者观点的选项主要内容及作者观点的选项, 范围不宜过大范围不宜过大或过小或过小.所选择的标题要新颖所选择的标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力对读者有吸引力, 能激能激发读者的阅读兴趣发读者的阅读兴趣.Do some reading exercise技巧一：识别文体技巧一：识别文体广告的作用广告的作用议论文议论文 总总-分分-总总（论点论据结论）（论点论据结论）说明文说明文主题句主题句（首中尾）（首中尾）记叙文记叙文记叙文要素记叙文要素应用文应用文（广告）（广告） 解题解题技巧技巧技巧一：识别文体技巧一：识别文体技巧二：技巧二： 找关联词找关联词技巧三技巧三: 抓线索抓线索技巧四技巧四: 找高频词找高频词