动词的时态与语态1.ppt

1、一般、进行、完成的含义、一般、进行、完成的含义 一般指某动作既不正在进行又不确定完成与一般指某动作既不正在进行又不确定完成与否的一种广泛意义上的方式。否的一种广泛意义上的方式。 进行指一种持续性的、未完成的动作；动词进行指一种持续性的、未完成的动作；动词的进行时还伴有其它一些意义，如：有限度的延的进行时还伴有其它一些意义，如：有限度的延续、感情色彩、同时性、描述的生动性、强调性续、感情色彩、同时性、描述的生动性、强调性等。等。 完成则表示动作发生在某个时间以前，但动完成则表示动作发生在某个时间以前，但动作发生的时间总是未经明确指出的。例：作发生的时间总是未经明确指出的。例： lThe teacher writes his own notes. (现在习惯性动作现在习惯性动作)lThe teacher is writing his own notes. (暂时的还在进行的动作暂时的还在进行的动作) lThe teacher has already written his own notes. (现在已完成的动作现在已完成的动作) lXiao Wang comes late often. (现在经常性的动作现在经常性的动作)lXiao Wang is always coming late. (带有不满的色彩带有不满的色彩)lI read a book yesterday evening. (在过去时间的动在过去时间的动) lI was reading a book yesterday evening. (过去时间未完成的持续动作过去时间未完成的持续动作) lI have read the book. (现在已经读完那本书了现在已经读完那本书了)lShe is always finding fault with others. l她总是挑别人的毛病。她总是挑别人的毛病。lHe is constantly leaving things about. l他总是丢三拉四。他总是丢三拉四。 lI am hoping you can come and have supper with us.l我正希望您能来和我们一起吃晚饭。我正希望您能来和我们一起吃晚饭。(比说比说 I hope 语气更委婉语气更委婉) lShe has been saying that twenty times. l这话她已经说了这话她已经说了20遍。遍。二、一般过去时和现在完成时的区别二、一般过去时和现在完成时的区别 1. 一般过去时一般过去时所表示的一个或一段过去时间所表示的一个或一段过去时间是可以具体确定的，与其它时间没有牵连。是可以具体确定的，与其它时间没有牵连。它所表示的事情纯属过去，与现在情况没它所表示的事情纯属过去，与现在情况没联系。联系。 现在完成时现在完成时表示的事情发生在不能具体表示的事情发生在不能具体指出的现在以前的过去某个个某段时间；它指出的现在以前的过去某个个某段时间；它所表示的事情与现在情况有关系，是过去事所表示的事情与现在情况有关系，是过去事情在现在产生的结果或对现在的影响。情在现在产生的结果或对现在的影响。2. 一般过去时常用的状语有一般过去时常用的状语有yesterday, last night, two days(months, weeks) ago, at that time等；等；现在完成时常用的状语副词有现在完成时常用的状语副词有already, just, yet, never, before等；表示从过去延续到现在并包括等；表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间状语有现在在内的一段时间状语有today, now, lately, recently, in the last/past few days/years, since then, up to now等。等。3. 比较下面几组句子，体会两种时态的不同：比较下面几组句子，体会两种时态的不同： He served in the army from 1952 to 1954. 这是过去的一件事。这是过去的一件事。He had served in the army for 2 years before 1954. He has served in the army for 5 years. lHe wrote many plays when he was at college. l他上大学的时候，写了许多剧本。（写剧本是他上大学的时候，写了许多剧本。（写剧本是他过去做的事。）他过去做的事。）lHe has written many plays. l他写过许多部剧本。（这意味着他是剧作家他写过许多部剧本。（这意味着他是剧作家.）lI saw Hero last year. lI have seen Hero before. l*一般过去时一般过去时是对现在说话时刻而言的是对现在说话时刻而言的; 过去完过去完成时成时则是对过去某一时刻而言。则是对过去某一时刻而言。l*过去完成时的时间状语常用过去完成时的时间状语常用by和和before引导的引导的短语表示，如短语表示，如 by that time, by the end of , before 2000, by the time + 句子等。句子等。lWe noticed him entering the headmasters office. lThe little boy had been made to learn 200 words by the time he was five. the revision in grammar by the end of last month. 四、过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别四、过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别l现在完成时现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作，句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语。而动作，句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语。而过去完成时过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作，句中有表示过去特定时延续到过去某时的动作，句中有表示过去特定时间的状语。间的状语。lShe had been ill for a week before she came back. lShe has been ill for a week. lJim talked for about half an hour yesterday. Never had I heard him talk so much. 1. 在在 if, unless, even if 引导的条件状语从句中，在引导的条件状语从句中，在before, until(till), as soon as, the moment, once 引引导的时间状语从句中导的时间状语从句中, no matter what, who, which, when, where, how或或whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever however 引导的引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句是将来时让步状语从句中，如果主句是将来时(往往出现往往出现will / shall / can / must)或主句是祈使句，从句一或主句是祈使句，从句一般现要时表示一般将来时。如：般现要时表示一般将来时。如： Ill not go unless Im invited. Tell him the news as soon as he comes. l2. “used to / would +动词原形动词原形”可以表示过去经可以表示过去经常或习惯性的动作。如：常或习惯性的动作。如：lOften at night she would hear a long low whistle and the sound of a metallic noise. l3. “be + to do”表示拟定或计划中将发生的行为表示拟定或计划中将发生的行为或按职责义务必须去做的事情或按职责义务必须去做的事情; “be about to do”表示即将发生的事，句中一般不使用时间状语。表示即将发生的事，句中一般不使用时间状语。lAll the questions are to be answered at once. lNo one is to leave the room without permission. lThey are about to leave this afternoon. (误误)lThey are about t leave. (正正)lHe has come to Beijing since last year. (wrong)lHe has lived in Beijing since last year. (right)lHe has joined the army for three years. (wrong)lHe has served in the army for three years. (right)lHe joined the army three years ago. (right)lHe has been a soldier for three years. (right)lIt is three years since he joined the army. (right)lHe has joined the army. (right)l常见的瞬间常见的瞬间v：marry, close, die, arrive, fall, leave, go, break, lose, give, join, jump, receive, buy, borrow, start, begin, graduate, stop等。等。l5. 语境中的过去时，往往表示语境中的过去时，往往表示“刚才，刚刚刚才，刚刚”之意，暗示现在已之意，暗示现在已“不再这样不再这样”。如：。如：lI didnt know you were here. lI never thought he would do that. lI beg your pardon, but I didnt quite catch you.l6. 表示愿望、打算一类的词，如：表示愿望、打算一类的词，如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, think, suppose等，其过去等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。例：完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。例：lI had hoped to see more of Shanghai. (但未能如但未能如愿愿) lI had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment. 我本想去帮你的，但当时确实太忙我本想去帮你的，但当时确实太忙了。了。lI had thought you would come tomorrow. 我原以为你明天才来呢。我原以为你明天才来呢。l7. 某些固定句式中的动词时态是固定的约定俗某些固定句式中的动词时态是固定的约定俗成的。成的。l1) This/It is the first / second time + that clause. that 在一般用在一般用现在完成时现在完成时，如果把前边，如果把前边的的is改改was，则，则 that从句用从句用过去完成时过去完成时。如：。如：lThis is the first time I have come here. lIt was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake. lIt was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time. l* It was two years since I worked in the factory. l(In fact, I have not worked in the factory now.)3) be about to when (即将即将(这时这时)突然突然)lI was about to go out when the telephone rang. 4) be(was/were) + doing when 正在干正在干(这这时时)突然突然 lThey were reading when Tom shouted in pain. lwhen 和和 than从句里用一般过去时，表示从句里用一般过去时，表示“刚刚刚刚 就就 ”. 如：如：lHardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down. 6) It be + 一段时间一段时间 + before从句从句* 如果主句用将来时，则从句用一般现在时表将来时，如果主句用将来时，则从句用一般现在时表将来时，意为多长时间后即将发生某事；如果主句用过去时，意为多长时间后即将发生某事；如果主句用过去时，从句也用过去时，意为多长时间后发生了某事。如：从句也用过去时，意为多长时间后发生了某事。如：lIt wont be long before he succeeds. (He will succeed soon.)lIt was ten years before they met again. (they met again ten years later.)一、注意短语动词和含有情态动词的被动语态：一、注意短语动词和含有情态动词的被动语态：lThe old man was often laughed at. lThe doctor has been sent for. lTime must be made good use of. lThe plan will be given up. lBad habits have been done away with. l(在被动结构中，切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词在被动结构中，切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词.)lHe must be prevented from going. lThe plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible. l(谓语结构：情态动词谓语结构：情态动词 + be + 过去分词过去分词)lShe got married last week. lThe patient got treated once a week. lHe fell off the tree and got killed. lThe man often gets drunk/burnt/hurt.三、主动形式表被动意义三、主动形式表被动意义1.表示状态特征的联系动词表示状态特征的联系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, prove, appear + 形容词形容词/名词构成名词构成的系表结构。的系表结构。 lThe steel feels cold. lHis plan proved (to be) practical. 2. 表示开始、结束、运动的动词。如：表示开始、结束、运动的动词。如：begin, end, finish, start, open, close, stop, shut, run, move等。等。 Work began at 7 oclock this morning. The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day. 3. 表示主语的某种属性特征的动词。如：表示主语的某种属性特征的动词。如：read, act, write, sell, wash, clean, wear, cook, open, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink, keep. 这类动词一般不这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语。如：单独使用，常有一个修饰语。如： This coat dries easily. Nylon cleans easily. The door wont lock. Food can keep fresh in a fridge. Your speech reads well. The plan worked out wonderfully/smoothly. lThe books are printing. lThe meat is cooking. 5. 介词介词 in, on, under + 名词构成的介词短语表名词构成的介词短语表示被动意义。如：示被动意义。如：lThe house facing the tower is in the possession of Mr. Bob. = The house facing the tower is possessed by Mr. Bob. lThe question is under discussion. l= The question is being discussed. lLots of books are on show/sale. l= Lots of books are being shown/sold. l1.-The girl _weight recently.l -Yes, she _ too much.lA. has gained; is eating B. gains; eatslC. is gaining; ate D. is gaining; eatsl2.-Have you heard from Jane lately?l -No, but I _her over Christmas.l A. saw B. will be seeing l C. have seen D. have been seeing.l3. Good care must _ babies particularly while they are ill.lA. take B. take of C. be taken D. be taken ofABDl4. -I took a picture of you just now.l -Really? I _ with attention.lA. didnt look B. wasnt looking lC. am not looking D. havent lookedl5.He _ a model plane the whole morning. I suppose he would also do some washing.lA. made B. had made C. was making D. has made l6. -How are the Houston Rocket playing?l -They _off to a bad start, but they are playing quiet well.lA. had got B. was getting C. has got D. gotBCDl7. Mary _ the Washington Science Center. She is disappointed that her father doesnt allow her to go there with her class.lA. often goes to B. was going to lC. has never visited D. had never been tol8. -Is Paul playing both soccer and tennis for the sch?l -He _. But now he has given up playing tennis.lA. was B. is C. has D. hadl9. Tom _ to work in the office though he didnt like serving there.lA. wanted B. was wanted lC. had wanted D. would wantCAB10. The notice _ “no smoking”. A. is wrote B. reads C. writes D. is read11. Havent seen you for ages! Do you still work in BJ? -_. Its two years since I worked there.A.A. Yes, I have B. Yes, I do B.C. No, I havent D. No, I dont12. -Will you go now? -Not until I _ my papers.A.A. have finished B. will finish B.C. will have finished D. had finished13. The note _from hand to hand until all of us_ it.A.A. was passed; had read B. passed; had read B.C. was passed; read D. passed; readBDACl14. I cant see any coffee in the cupboard._?lA. Did it all finish B. Was it all finishedlC. Has it all finished D. Has it all been finishedl15. _my sister four times today but her line was always busy.lA. Id phoned B. Ive been phoning lC. Ive phoned D. I was phoningl16. The year 2002 _remarkable changes in Shanghais landscape.lA. sees B. has seen C. saw D. had seen l17. I _ you not to move my dictionary-now I cant find it. l A. asked B. ask C. was asking D. had askedDCCAl18. Now that she is out of work, Lucy _ going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet.lA. had considered B. has been considering lC. considered D. is going to considerl19. The discussion _ alive when an interesting topic was brought in.lA. was coming B. had come lC. has come D. camel20.- I hear Jane has gone to Hawaii for her holiday.l -Oh, how nice! Do you know when she _?lA. was leaving B. had left lC. has left D. leftBDD